Introduction to Anatomy PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY  AGENDA 01 Introduction to 02 03 Human Organ Anatomical Landmarks Anatomy Systems and Directions 04 05 06 Body Regions Bones...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY  AGENDA 01 Introduction to 02 03 Human Organ Anatomical Landmarks Anatomy Systems and Directions 04 05 06 Body Regions Bones and Joints Muscles 05 Types of Anatomical Movements  INTRODUCTION Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. It is a branch of biology that helps us understand the form of the human body, which is crucial for medical and healthcare professions.  BRANCHES OF ANATOMY AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS  GROSS ANATOMY Gross anatomy, also known as regional or topographic anatomy, is the most traditional and common branch of anatomy. It focuses on the study of anatomical structures with the naked eye, using dissection and direct observation techniques.  MICROSOPIC ANATOMY Microscopic anatomy, also known as histology, focuses on the study of tissues at a microscopic level.  PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY Pathological anatomy focuses on the study of anatomical and cellular alterations caused by diseases.  RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY Radiological anatomy focuses on the study of anatomical structures using medical images, such as x-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound.  COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Comparative anatomy is dedicated to the comparative study of the anatomy of different species, with the aim of identifying similarities and differences in body structure between them.  INTRODUCTION OF ORGAN SYSTEM The human body is made up of several organ systems, each responsible for specific functions. These systems work together to maintain homeostasis and ensure survival. Some of the main organ systems include: INTEGUMENTARY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SYSTEM MUSCULAR SKELETAL SYSTEM SYSTEM CIRCULATORY NERVOUS SYSTEM SYSTEM ENDOCRINE IMMUNE SYSTEM SYSTEM DIGESTIVE URINARY SYSTEM SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS, DIRECTION, AND BODY REGIONS Anatomical Landmarks refer to specific areas of the body that serve as reference points for describing locations. ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS, DIRECTION, AND BODY REGIONS - Axilla– armpit - Popliteal – back of the knee - Umbilical – navel (belly button)  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS Anatomical Directions are terms used to describe the location of body structures - Anterior (ventral)– front of the body - Posterior (dorsal)– back of the body - Superior– towards the head - Inferior– towards the feet - Medial– towards the midline of the body - Lateral – away from the midline of the body - Proximal– closer to the point of attachment - Distal– farther from the point of attachment BODY REGIONS are areas of the body, often used for medical reference: - Cephalic – head - Thoracic – chest - Abdominal – abdomen - Pelvic – pelvis - Cervical – neck - Brachial – arm BONES AND MUSCLES  BONES MUSCLE Muscles are tissue. Bones are made of Smooth muscle tissue connective tissue lines some of your reinforced with organs, but most calcium and organs are also made specialised bone cells. of other types of tissue, too. Providers Most bones also sometimes refer to the contain bone marrow, muscular system as where blood cells are one anatomical group made. that includes all your muscles. Type of Bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Sesamoid bone Irregular bone LONG BONES Long bones function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement. Long bones are mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and include bones in the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges). SHORT BONE Short bones are shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. The outside surface is comprised of a thin layer of compact bone. Short bones are located in the hands and feet. The patella (kneecap) is also considered a short bone. FLAT BONE Flat bones are made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have a flat shape, not rounded. Examples include the skull and rib bones. Flat bones have marrow, but they do not have a bone marrow cavity. The skull is the bony structure of the head and face. SESAMOID BONE Sesamoid bones are a type of bone that develop in some tendons where they cross the ends of long bones. Sesamoids ossify during puberty and delayed ossification can indicate delayed onset of puberty. Sesamoid bones in the human body include: Patella - in the quadriceps tendon at the knee. IRREGULAR BONE An irregular bone is a type of bone that does not have a standard shape like long, short, or flat bones. These bones have complex shapes that vary and do not fit into any other bone category. They often have a mix of different shapes that allow for various functions. Type of Muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle SKELETAL MUSCLES Skeletal muscle is one of the three significant muscle tissues in the human body. Each skeletal muscle consists of thousands of muscle fibers wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths. The individual bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are known as fasciculi.  CARDIAC MUSCLE Cardiac muscle (or myocardium) makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three types of muscle in the body, along with skeletal and smooth muscle. The myocardium is surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium (AKA visceral pericardium) and an inner endocardium. SMOOTH MUSCLE Smooth muscle consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into sarcomeres giving it a non- striated pattern. On microscopic examination, it will appear homogenous. Smooth muscle cytoplasm contains a large amount of actin and myosin. Actin and myosin act as the main proteins involved in muscle contraction. JOINTS ARE PLACES WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES MEET. THEY ALLOW MOVEMENT AND FLEXIBILITY. THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF JOINTS, INCLUDING: 1. Fixed Joints– immovable, such as the skull. 2. Hinge Joints– allow movement in one direction, like the knee and elbow. 3. Ball-and-Socket Joints– allow a wide range of movement, like the shoulder and hip. 4. Pivot Joints– allow rotational movement, like in the neck. TYPES OF ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS - Flexion – bending a joint to decrease the angle between bones. - Extension– straightening a joint to increase the angle between bones. - Abduction– moving a limb away from the midline. - Adduction– moving a limb towards the midline. - Rotation– turning a body part around its axis. - Circumduction– moving a limb in a circular motion. - Pronation– turning the hand so the palm faces down. - Supination – turning the hand so the palm faces up. Resource page