Chapter-1.pdf

The Big Bang Theory > best scientifically-supported theory on the origin of the universe 13.77 billion years ago > posits that space, matter, and energy expanded from a single point > temperature cooled down as the universe expanded The Big Bang First Black Mass...

The Big Bang Theory > best scientifically-supported theory on the origin of the universe 13.77 billion years ago > posits that space, matter, and energy expanded from a single point > temperature cooled down as the universe expanded The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of 13.7 bya Holes Form Formation of the Milky Way the Sun, Earth, 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya and Moon 13.3 bya 4.5 bya (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► matter, energy, and space expanded (Inflationary period) from a single point by a factor of 1026 ► temperature is undefined ► radiation-dominated Radiation Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the Holes Sun, Earth, and 13.77 bya Big Bang 10-43 sForm 10-35Formation s of-4 s 10 the Milky 102 sWay 5 x10Moon 4 yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Planck epoch GUT Quark epoch Lepton Nuclear epoch epoch dominated by quantum gravitational effects (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► matter, energy, and space expanded (Inflationary period) from a single point by a factor of 1026 ► temperature is undefined ► radiation-dominated Radiation Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the Holes Sun, Earth, and 13.77 bya Big Bang 10-43 sForm 10-35Formation s of-4 s 10 the Milky 102 sWay 5 x10Moon 4 yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Planck epoch GUT Quark epoch Lepton Nuclear epoch epoch o temperature dropped to 10 32 K o gravity separated from electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► matter, energy, and space expanded (Inflationary period) from a single point by a factor of 1026 ► temperature is undefined ► radiation-dominated Radiation Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the Holes Sun, Earth, and 13.77 bya Big Bang 10-43 sForm 10-35Formation s of-4 s 10 the Milky 102 sWay 5 x10Moon 4 yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Planck epoch GUT Quark epoch Lepton Nuclear epoch epoch o temperature dropped to 10 27 K o electromagnetic force separates from weak nuclear force o leptons and their anti-particles formed (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► matter, energy, and space expanded (Inflationary period) from a single point by a factor of 1026 ► temperature is undefined ► radiation-dominated Radiation Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the Holes Sun, Earth, and 13.77 bya Big Bang 10-43 sForm 10-35Formation s of-4 s 10 the Milky 102 sWay 5 x10Moon 4 yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Planck epoch GUT Quark epoch Lepton Nuclear epoch epoch o Hadron epoch: quarks and anti- quarks combine o Temperature drops to 1013 K: protons and neutrons no longer produced in pairs (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► matter, energy, and space expanded (Inflationary period) from a single point by a factor of 1026 ► temperature is undefined ► radiation-dominated Radiation Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the Holes Sun, Earth, and 13.77 bya Big Bang 10-43 sForm 10-35Formation s of-4 s 10 the Milky 102 sWay 5 x10Moon 4 yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Planck epoch GUT Quark epoch Lepton Nuclear epoch epoch o leptons are still in thermal equilibrium o temperature drops to 109 K: leptons no longer produced in pairs (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► matter, energy, and space expanded (Inflationary period) from a single point by a factor of 1026 ► temperature is undefined ► radiation-dominated Radiation Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the Holes Sun, Earth, and 13.77 bya Big Bang 10-43 sForm 10-35Formation s of-4 s 10 the Milky 102 sWay 5 x10Moon 4 yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Planck epoch GUT Quark epoch Lepton Nuclear epoch epoch o nucleosynthesis: fusion of protons an neutrons o Helium and Deuterium were formed (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► nucleosynthesis Element Nuclei composition Deuterium p+n The Big Bang Helium-3 p+p+n First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the 13.77 bya Helium-4 Holes Form Formation ofp+p+n+n the Milky Way Sun, Earth, and 13.5 bya Stars p+p+p+n+n+n13 bya Moon Lithium-6 4.5 bya 13.3 bya Lithium-7 p+p+p+n+n+n+n Berylium-7 p+p+p+p+n+n+n (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► nucleosynthesis ⇢ Activity: Play this game through this link, https://openmetric.org/2048x/nucleosynthesis/index.html Determine the elements that add up to the following: Element Composition The Big Bang FirstDeuterium Black (D) Mass H + H of Formation Formation of the 13.77 bya Holes Form Formation of the Milky Way Sun, Earth, and Tritium (H-3) Moon 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 4.5 bya Helium-3 (He-3)13.3 bya Helium-4 (He-4) Lithium-6 (Li-6) Lithium-7 (Li-7) Berylium-7 (Be-7) (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► 5 x 104 year ⇢ temperature cools down to 16,000 K ⇢ shift from radiation dominated to matter dominated Matter Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the 13.77 bya Holes Form Formation of3 x 10the 9 yr Milky Way Sun, Earth, and 5 X 104 yr 2 x 108 yr >1010Moon yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Atomic epoch Galactic epoch Stellar Epoch o recombination: electrons attach to hydrogen and helium nuclei to form stable atoms o cosmic microwave background appears (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► 5 x 104 year ⇢ temperature cools down to 16,000 K ⇢ shift from radiation dominated to matter dominated Matter Era The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of the 13.77 bya Holes Form Formation of3 x 10the 9 yr Milky Way Sun, Earth, and 5 X 104 yr 2 x 108 yr >1010Moon yr 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya 13.3 bya 4.5 bya Atomic epoch Galactic epoch Stellar Epoch o first stars form ⇢ Methuselah o first galaxies form (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► black holes First Black ⇢ highly dense concentration of matter that Holes Form Mass prevents anything Formation of from escaping Formation of the ig Bang 13.5 bya Formation of the Milky Way Sun, Earth, and 77 bya ► galactic epoch Stars 13 bya Moon 4.5 bya ► formed by stars that 13.3 bya have collapsed (UCLA, 2021; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► life cycle of a star: average star white dwarf red giant planetary Mass Formation of Formation of the nebula ack Holes Formation the Milky Way Sun, Earth, and Moon orm of Stars 13 bya stellar nebula 4.5 bya.5 bya 13.3 bya neutron star red massive star supergiant supernova blackhole (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► milky way ⇢ large spiral galaxy ⇢ harbors a supermassive black hole (Sagittarius A*) ► components of the milky way Formation of 1) disk Formation of the the Milky Way ⇢ thick Sun, Earth, and platter of stars (Sun) ormation Moon Stars 13 bya ⇢ 100,000 lightyears in diameter 4.5 bya 3 bya ⇢ arms > contain the youngest and brightest stars 2) halo ⇢ surround the disk (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011)  ► solar system ⇢ composed of the sun, planets, moons, rings, comets, asteroids, and dust ► Kuiper belt ⇢ outermost part of the solar system ⇢ scattering of icy and rocky bodies tion of the Formation of the ► Oort cloud ky Way Sun, Earth, and 13 bya Moon ⇢ beyond Kuiper belt 4.5 bya ► Pluto ⇢ situated on Kuiper belt-Oort Cloud region ⇢ considered as dwarf planet (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011) The Big Bang First Black Mass Formation of Formation of 13.7 bya Holes Form Formation of the Milky Way the Sun, Earth, 13.5 bya Stars 13 bya and Moon 13.3 bya 4.5 bya (Neser, 2023; Neal, 2019; University of Oregon, 2017; University of Western Australia, 2011) The Big Bang Theory > evidences: 1) Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) 2) Red Shift 3) Relative Abundance of Elements The Big Bang Theory > evidences: 1) Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) o “afterglow”/leftover energy from the formation of the universe o first observed by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (1964) 2) Red Shift 3) Relative Abundance of Elements (Neser, 2023; University of Western Australia, 2014; Kansas Geological Survey, 2004) The Big Bang Theory > evidences: 1) Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) 2) Red Shift o supports that the universe is expanding o the speed of the astronomical objects moving away is proportional to the distance between each other o discovered by Edwin Hubble (1924) 3) Relative Abundance of Elements (Neser, 2023; University of Western Australia, 2014; Kansas Geological Survey, 2004) The Big Bang Theory > evidences: 1) Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) 2) Red Shift 3) Relative Abundance of Elements o light elements must have been formed first and thus, more abundant o hydrogen and helium most abundant elements in the universe (Neser, 2023; University of Western Australia, 2014; Kansas Geological Survey, 2004) Origin and Structure of the Earth Chapter 1 Brent Jethro P. Eder, RMicro Special Science Teacher 1 Topics for Discussion Formation of the Solar System and the Earth Earth and its Subsystems Topics for Discussion Formation of the Solar System and the Earth Earth and its Subsystems 1 Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Theory > The sun and the planets arose from a solar nebula/circumstellar disks. > Gas planets and the Sun originated from the same resource material. > Inner planet excluded light elements that left traces of heavier elements. > Planets start as planetisimals. (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 1 Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Theory > The sun and the planets arose from a solar nebula/circumstellar disks. ⇢ solar nebula: spinning cloud of dust and gas ⇢ planets revolve around the sun in the same direction as the sun’s rotation on its own axis ⇢ solar nebulas are observed to surround young stars > Gas planets and the Sun originated from the same resource material. > Inner planet excluded light elements that left traces of heavier elements. > Planets start as planetisimals. (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 1 Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Theory > The sun and the planets arose from a solar nebula/circumstellar disks. > Gas planets and the Sun originated from the same resource material. ⇢ dominant composition of Jupiter and Saturn: 75% H, 25% He ⇢ composition of Sun: 73% H, 25% He, 2% C,O,N > Inner planet excluded light elements that left traces of heavier elements. > Planets start as planetisimals. (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 1 Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Theory > The sun and the planets arose from a solar nebula/circumstellar disks. > Gas planets and the Sun originated from the same resource material. > Inner planets excluded light elements that left traces of heavier elements. ⇢ Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are made up more of heavier elements including silicon and iron. ⇢ Inner planets and asteroids are made of rocky materials and metals that can withstand heat from the sun. ⇢ Dwarf planets and comets made of ice and gas. > Planets start as planetisimals. (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 1 Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Theory > The sun and the planets arose from a solar nebula/circumstellar disks. > Gas planets and the Sun originated from the same resource material. > Inner planets excluded light elements that left traces of heavier elements. > Planets start as planetisimals. ⇢ planetisimal: precursor of planets ⇢ planetisimals can randomly collide with each other and form planets (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 1 Formation of the Solar System Origin of the Earth-Moon System: The Impact Theory > Suggests that the Moon is formed from the last major collision of the proto-Earth with a Mars-sized body called as Theia. > The impact was so large that debris (mixture of molten rock and gas from Theia’s mantle) were ejected to the space forming a disk, known as the lunar synestia, which cooled down and aggregated to form the moon. > Alternate theories: ⇢ Fission Theory ⇢ Capture Theory ⇢ Co-formation (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) Topics for Discussion Formation of the Solar System and the Earth Earth and its Subsystems Topics for Discussion Formation of the Solar System and the Earth Earth and its Subsystems 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model o belief that the Earth is a sphere that remains motionless at the center of the universe and is orbited around by the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn o stars are attached to a hollow sphere travelling around the Earth o first presented by Eudoxus of Cnidus > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model o Aristotle concluded that the Earth is spherical > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model o Erathosthenes measured the circumference of the Earth to be 250,000 stadia > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model o Ptolemy developed the Ptolemaic model where the planets move in perfect circular orbits > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model o Ptolemy > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model o Ptolemy > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model o Ptolemy > Heliocentric Model 2 Earth and its Subsystems Evolution of Astronomy > Flat-Earth Cosmology > Geocentric Model > Heliocentric Model ⇢ Earth is just a planet ⇢ first proposed by Aristarchus ⇢ constructed by Nicolaus Copernicus who used circles to represent the orbits of the planets and still used epicycles ⇢ further supported by Johannes Kepler by proposing the laws of planetary motion as well as Galileo Galilei who developed the telescope 2 Earth and its Subsystems The Earth: A Habitable Planet > Criteria for a habitable planet: 1) Must be within the habitable zone. 2) Must be made of rock. 3) Must be big enough to have a molten core. 4) Must have a protective atmosphere. (The Pennsylvania State University, 2023; University of Utah, n.d.) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth: A Habitable Planet > Criteria for a habitable planet: 1) Must be within the habitable zone. ⇢ Habitable zone/Goldilocks zone: region surrounding a star where water can remain in its liquid state. Temperature is neither too hot nor too cold. ⇢ Far enough from heat and radiation zone. 2) Must be made of rock. 3) Must be big enough to have a molten core. 4) Must have a protective atmosphere. (The Pennsylvania State University, 2023; University of Utah, n.d.) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth: A Habitable Planet > Criteria for a habitable planet: 1) Must be within the habitable zone. 2) Must be made of rock. ⇢ Earth is made of rock and metals. Gas planets are literally made of gas. 3) Must be big enough to have a molten core. 4) Must have a protective atmosphere. (The Pennsylvania State University, 2023; University of Utah, n.d.) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth: A Habitable Planet > Criteria for a habitable planet: 1) Must be within the habitable zone. 2) Must be made of rock. 3) Must be big enough to have a molten core. ⇢ Earth’s core provides geothermal energy allowing the cycling of its raw materials and the formation of a magnetic field that serves as protection from the Sun’s radiation. 4) Must have a protective atmosphere. (The Pennsylvania State University, 2023; University of Utah, n.d.) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth: A Habitable Planet > Criteria for a habitable planet: 1) Must be within the habitable zone. 2) Must be made of rock. 3) Must be big enough to have a molten core. 4) Must have a protective atmosphere. ⇢ The atmosphere serves as protection from radiation and also contain gases that keep the planet warm. (The Pennsylvania State University, 2023; University of Utah, n.d.) 2 Earth and its Subsystems The Earth: Composition > Terrestrial planets, such as Earth, are primarily composed of rocks and metals, commonly silicates and iron. > A third of Earth’s mass is made of iron-nickel while two-thirds is composed of silicates. (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 2 Earth and its Subsystems The Earth: Internal Differentiation > Temperature on the growing Earth increases due to: ⇢ increased gravity that causes compression of materials producing heat ⇢ collision with other protoplanets resulted in transformation of kinetic energy to heat ⇢ radioactive decay of radioactive atoms > Earth’s interior melts producing molten iron alloy that sinks inward, eventually accumulating to form the core. (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth: Internal Differentiation > Earth’s interior melts producing molten iron alloy that sinks inward, eventually accumulating to form the core. (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth: Round Earth > Earth’s interior is warm and soft enough to flow due to its gravity causing bulges to sink and dimples rise until almost spherical. > Mass is evenly distributed around its center where gravity is the same at all points on the Earth’s surface. > Oblate spheroid (Neser, 2023; Marshak & Rauber, 2017; Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2015; 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) Performance Task Create a Concept Map on the four subsystems of the Earth based on the following videos (1 whole sheet): Performance Task Performance Task Performance Task 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > the solid Earth, extending from the surface to the center of the Earth > largest sphere of the Earth (depth of 6400 km) > layered due to chemical composition and physical properties 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > layered due to chemical composition and physical properties 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle c) Core 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust o thinnest layer o two types: oceanic continental b) Mantle c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust o thinnest layer o two types: oceanic > approximately 7 km thick > composed of basalt > younger and denser than continental crust continental b) Mantle c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust o thinnest layer o two types: oceanic continental > more heterogeneous and thicker (35-70 km) > composed of granitic rock (granodiorite) b) Mantle c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle o constitutes more than 82% of Earth’s volume (2,900 km) o further differentiated by composition into upper and lower mantle c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle o upper mantle dominated by magnesium and iron-rich peridotite encompasses the crust-mantle boundary to a depth of 660 km divided into the lithosphere and the asthenosphere c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle o upper mantle lithosphere asthenosphere c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle o upper mantle lithosphere > stiff layer consisting the crust to about 100 km in average asthenosphere c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle o upper mantle lithosphere asthenosphere > soft layer beneath the lithosphere c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle o lower mantle 660 km to 2900 km consists of strong and very hot rocks c) Core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle c) Core o made of iron-nickel alloy with trace amounts of oxygen, silicon, and sulfur o divided into the outer core and the inner core (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle c) Core o outer core liquid layer about 2,260 km thick generates the Earth’s magnetic field (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Earth’s Internal Structure a) Crust b) Mantle c) Core o inner core solid with a radius of 1,216 km (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere > Origin of the first Continents ⇢ First continents originated from lava spreading through the surface of the earth and solidifying into thin crust. 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Michigan, n.d.) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Earth’s gaseous envelope > provides air and protects Earth from solar radiation > interacts with the Earth’s surface and space through energy exchanges resulting in climate and weather 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > composed of 78% Nitrogen and 21 % Oxygen > also contain variable components such as water vapor and both organic (pollen, bacteria, viruses, molds) and inorganic (dust, ash, soot) aerosols 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Formation of Earth’s atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Formation of Earth’s atmosphere: 4.57 bya H & He primitive atmosphere. 4.00 bya First atmosphere from outgassing. 3.8 bya Second atmosphere 2.6 bya Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. 400 mya Age of Oxygen 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Formation of Earth’s atmosphere: 4.57 bya H & He atmosphere. Atmosphere was blown way by solar, primitive Earth was then devoid of atmosphere. 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Formation of Earth’s atmosphere: 4.0 bya First atmosphere from outgassing. Extreme volcanism spewed gases including mainly carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor as well as methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia which formed the first atmosphere. 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Formation of Earth’s atmosphere: 3.8 bya Second Atmosphere. Water vapor on the atmosphere condensed and formed the first oceans as the temperature on Earth cooled down. Concentrations of CO2 and other gases reduced as these were dissolved in the oceans resulting to a second atmosphere predominantly N2 that is unreactive and 20% CO2. 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Formation of Earth’s atmosphere: 2.6 bya Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria flourished and produced oxygen from carbon dioxide, reducing the amount of CO2 and increasing O2. 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Formation of Earth’s atmosphere: 2.6 bya Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Evidences of Oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere: ⇢ Stromatolite ⇢ Banded iron formations ⇢ Red beds 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Evolution of Earth’s atmosphere: 2.6 bya Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Evidences of Oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere: ⇢ Stromatolite o rocks formed by cyanobacteria ⇢ Banded iron formations ⇢ Red beds 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Evolution of Earth’s atmosphere: 2.6 bya Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Evidences of Oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere: ⇢ Stromatolite ⇢ Banded iron formations o formed by layers of iron (black) and jasper (red) ⇢ Red beds 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Evolution of Earth’s atmosphere: 2.6 bya Oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Evidences of Oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere: ⇢ Stromatolite ⇢ Banded iron formations ⇢ Red beds o enough oxygen diffused to the atmosphere which oxidized iron in Earth’s sediments 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Evolution of Earth’s atmosphere: 400 mya Age of oxygen. Growth of plants on land gradually increased oxygen in the atmosphere up to its concentration today. Concentration of carbon dioxide further dropped down, cooling the Earth. 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Arizona, 2015; Smithsonian Institution, n.d.; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere > Composition at present: 78% N2 21% O2 0.9% Ar 0.036% CO2 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere (University of Mustansiriyah, 2018; University of Arizona, 2015; University of Michigan, n.d., ) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere > Mass of water on Earth which is continually moving (cycling). > Includes the oceans, freshwater, and saline groundwater. > Ocean covers 71% of Earth’s surface. 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere > Origin of the Oceans ⇢ Water vapor on the atmosphere precipitated as the temperature further cooled down which also reduced CO2 in the atmosphere. 4) Biosphere (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017; University of Michigan, n.d.) 2 Earth and Earth Systems The Earth’s Subsystems 1) Geosphere 2) Atmosphere 3) Hydrosphere 4) Biosphere > Includes all life on Earth. > Interact and modify the physical environment around them. (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems Interactions of the Earth’s Subsystems (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems Interactions of the Earth’s Subsystems > Biogeochemical Cycles 1) Hydrologic Cycle 2) Carbon Cycle 3) Nitrogen Cycle 4) Phosphorus Cycle (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017) 2 Earth and Earth Systems Interactions of the Earth’s Subsystems > Biogeochemical Cycles 1) Hydrologic Cycle (Encyclopaedia Britannic, n.d.) 2 Earth and Earth Systems Interactions of the Earth’s Subsystems > Biogeochemical Cycles 2) Carbon Cycle (BY JU’s, 2024) References > Christensen, M.B. (2019). How Do Stars Form? Retrieved from https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00092 > Harvard & Smithsonian (n.d.). What happened in the early universe? Retrieved from https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/big-questions/what-happened-early-universe > Kansas Geological Survey (2004). The Origin of the Universe. 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