Origin Of The Universe PDF

THE ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE COSMOLOGY  It is a branch of astronomy that involves the study of origin and evolution of the universe What is Universe? comprises all space and time, and all matter & energy in it. It is made of : 4.6% BARYONIC MATTER 24...

THE ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE COSMOLOGY  It is a branch of astronomy that involves the study of origin and evolution of the universe What is Universe? comprises all space and time, and all matter & energy in it. It is made of : 4.6% BARYONIC MATTER 24% DARK MATTER 71.4% DARK ENERGY  BARYONIC MATTER - "ordinary" matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies DARK MATTER - matter that has gravity but does not emit light. DARK ENERGY - a source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand. WHAT IS IN THE UNIVERSE? HYDROGEN and HELIUM STARS GALAXY PLANETS COMETS ASTEROIDS METEOROIDS What is in the Universe? HYDROGEN and HELIUM -are the most abundant elements in the Universe. STARS – a luminous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, held together by its own gravity. GALAXY -is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form super clusters. PLANETS  COMETS – A relatively small , at times active, object whose ice can vaporize in sunlight forming an atmosphere of dust and gas and sometimes, a tail of dust and gas ASTEROIDS – A relatively small, inactive, rocky body orbiting the Sun. METEOROIDS – A small particle from a comet or asteroid orbiting the Sun.  METEOR – The light phenomena which results when a meteoroid enters the Earth’s atmosphere and vaporizes; a shooting star. METEORITE – A meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earth’s atmosphere and lands upon the Earth’s surface.  How old is the Universe? Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 BILLION YEARS OLD  How ? How? st 1 By looking at the oldest starts Methuselah star (HD 140283) Is a subgiant star located in the constellation libra About 200 light years away from the earth Estimated age is 14.46 billion years  How ? How? nd 2 By measuring the rate of expansion HUBBLE’S LAW by Edwin HUBBLE Tells the rate at which the universe is expanding. it is based on the relation between the distance and velocities of remote galaxies that are present in the universe  ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE: A touch to theories involving in its creation. NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which narrate that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun. The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who alone in a dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon. In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon respectively.  CREATION THEORY The Universe was created by a supreme being  SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS STEADY STATE THEORY This theory states that there is a continuous creation of matter which is observable as the expansion of the universe thereby maintaining its density.  BIG BANG THEORY As the currently accepted theory of the origin and evolution of the universe, the Big Bang. Theory postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot matter and started to cool down, going through different transitional phases.  BIG BIGBANG BANGTHEORY THEORY Proposed by Georges Lemaitre After the Bang matter , energy, time, space  Stages of Evolution 1. Radiation Era – dominance of radiation 2. Matter Era – dominance of matter  BIG BANG THEORY 1. RADIATION ERA this is made of smaller stages called the “EPOCH” A. Plank Epoch temp.; 1040 Kelvin time: immediate after the bang - No matter existed in the universe at this time only energy and ancestor of the forces of nature ( gravity, strong nuclear, electroweak and electromagnetic)  BIG BANG THEORY - significant event happens where in the gravity split off from the forces of nature B. Grand Unification Epoch temp.; 1036 Kelvin time: 10-43 seconds after -significant event happens where in the strong nuclear brooked away from the forces of nature.  BIG BANG THEORY C. Inflationary Epoch temp.; 1033 Kelvin time: 10-36 seconds after - universe expanded rapidly - allows the formation of electron, quarks and anti quarks particles  BIG BANG THEORY D. Electroweak Epoch temp.; 1020 Kelvin time: 10-32 seconds after -significant event was, the two remaining forces of nature split away. E. Quark Epoch temp.; 1016 Kelvin time: 10-12 seconds after - all ingredients were present however it is too hot and dense for subatomic particles to form F. Hadron Epoch temp.; 1012 Kelvin time: 10-6 seconds after -the universe cooled down enough for quarks to bind and form proton and neutron  BIG BANG THEORY G. Lepton & Nuclear Epoch temp.; 1010 Kelvin/ 109 Kelvin time: 1 seconds after / 100 seconds after -the proton and neutron fused and created the first chemical element the HYDROGEN 2. MATTER ERA A. Atomic Epoch temp: 3000 Kelvin time: 50 000 years after - temperature cooled down enough for an electron to attached to nuclei for the first time, a process called RECOMBINATION - Helps to create the second element HELIUM  BIG BANG THEORY B. Galactic Epoch time: 200 million years after - hydrogen and helium atoms dominates the universe with atomic clouds within it small pockets of gas may have enough gravity cause atoms to collect. Clusters of atoms were formed and become the seedling of Galaxies C. Stellar Epoch time: 3 billion years after - inside the galaxies, stars begun to form - The formation of stars causes ripple effect  Evidences of Big Bang Redshift CMB (cosmic microwave background) Relative abundance  REDSHIFT - describes how far away a distant object. - When an object moves away from us (earth), its light waves are stretched into lower frequency or longer wavelengths, and we say that the light is redshift. - discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1992  COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION - this radiation was released about 380,000 years after the big bang - termed as the remnant radiation after the Big bang - discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson  BIG CRUNCH THEORY The theory state that when the universe have reached its maximum expansion, matter collapses and return back to singularity. Proposed by Alexander Friedmann  OSCILLATING THEORY also known as pulsating theory, proposes that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up. Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of singularity..  Other theories Oscillating Universe Theory – Another big bang will occur when the universe starts to run down. Nebular Hypothesis/ Planetesimal Theory – A gas swirled around, eddies of gas caused the formation of the sun and planets. Fission Theory – Bursting the sun set out the planets and moons.  Capture Theory – Planets and moons were wandering around and were captured by the sun. Accretion Theory – Small chunks of materials gradually combined and formed Earth, then more chunks formed the moon. Planetary Collision Theory – Earth Collide with a small planet, producing the moon. Stellar Collision Theory - Two stars collide and formed the planets and moons. Gas Cloud theory – Gas clouds were pulled by sun’s gravity, then formed into planets and moons. Shine like the whole Universe is yours. - Rumi