Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians, 4th Ed PDF

Pharmacology for th Pharmacy Technicians, 4 Ed by Kathy Moscou PhD RPh MPH and Karen Snipe CPhT AS BA MEd 1  Chapter 18 Treatment of Hypertension 2  Lesson 18.1...

Pharmacology for th Pharmacy Technicians, 4 Ed by Kathy Moscou PhD RPh MPH and Karen Snipe CPhT AS BA MEd 1  Chapter 18 Treatment of Hypertension 2  Lesson 18.1 Hypertension 1. Learn the terminology associated with the treatment of hypertension. 2. List risk factors for development of hypertension. 3. List complications associated with untreated or poorly controlled hypertension. 4. Explain the role of coronary heart disease in the development of hypertension. 5. Identify lifestyle changes that reduce the risk for hypertension. 3  Key Terms Aldosterone Hormone that promotes sodium and fluid reabsorption. Angiotensin II Potent vasoconstrictor that is produced when the renin–aldosterone–angiotensin system is activated. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Cardiac output Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 minute. Diastolic blood pressure Measure of blood pressure when the heart is at rest (diastole). Diuretic Drug that produces diuresis (urination). Hyperkalemia Elevated serum potassium levels. Hypertension High blood pressure. Elevated diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure or both. Isolated systolic hypertension Elevated systolic blood pressure only. Diastolic blood pressure is within the normal range. Metabolic syndrome Important risk factor for hypertension that promotes the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Orthostatic hypotension Sudden drop in blood pressure that occurs when arising from lying down or sitting to standing. Peripheral vascular resistance Resistance to the flow of blood in peripheral arterial blood vessels that affects blood vessel diameter, vessel length, and blood viscosity. Renin–aldosterone–angiotensin system System that is activated when there is a drop in renal blood flow. Activation increases blood volume, blood flow to the kidneys, vasoconstriction, and blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure Measure of the pressure when the heart's ventricles are contracting (systole). 4  Blood Pressure (1 of 2) 5  Blood Pressure (2 of 2) Formula for determining blood pressure: ⮚ BP = CO × PR CO = Cardiac output PR = Peripheral resistance 6 Video 7  Blood Pressure Control Regulatory sites: ⮚ Kidneys ⮚ Heart ⮚ Blood vessels ⮚ Central nervous system ⮚ Sympathetic nerves 8  Hypertension (1 of 3) Metabolic syndrome: ⮚ Leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease Chronic kidney disease Thyroid disease Cushing’s syndrome Sleep apnea Prescription and OTC drugs 9  Hypertension (2 of 3) Drugs that increase blood pressure: ⮚ NSAIDS (COX-2 inhibitors) ⮚ Cocaine, amphetamines ⮚ Diet pills ⮚ Oral contraceptives ⮚ Glucocorticosteroids ⮚ Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) ⮚ Cyclosporin and tacrolimus ⮚ Erythropoietin ⮚ Licorice ⮚ Herbals (ma huang, ephedra, bitter orange) 10  Hypertension (3 of 3) Other risk factors: ⮚ Age (>55 years in men; >65 years in women) ⮚ Diabetes mellitus ⮚ Family history of heart disease ⮚ Obesity ⮚ Tobacco usage ⮚ Decreased physical activity ⮚ Increased LDL or low HDL ⮚ Diet high in salt or saturated fats ⮚ Excessive alcohol consumption 11  Blood Pressure Classifications Prehypertension Stage 1 hypertension Stage 2 hypertension Preeclampsia and gestational hypertension White coat hypertension Normal Blood Pressure =