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Questions and Answers
What is a common mechanism of action for nitrates used in the treatment of angina?
What is a common mechanism of action for nitrates used in the treatment of angina?
Which drug class is used primarily to reduce the heart's demand for oxygen?
Which drug class is used primarily to reduce the heart's demand for oxygen?
Which of the following is a potential adverse reaction associated with nitrates?
Which of the following is a potential adverse reaction associated with nitrates?
Identify the LOOK-ALIKE/SOUND-ALIKE issue with beta-adrenergic blockers.
Identify the LOOK-ALIKE/SOUND-ALIKE issue with beta-adrenergic blockers.
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What common ending is associated with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What common ending is associated with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of angina?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of angina?
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Which precaution is specifically noted for calcium channel blockers?
Which precaution is specifically noted for calcium channel blockers?
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Which medication is a long-acting metabolite used for the prevention of angina?
Which medication is a long-acting metabolite used for the prevention of angina?
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What type of adverse reaction is most commonly associated with beta-adrenergic blockers?
What type of adverse reaction is most commonly associated with beta-adrenergic blockers?
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Which group of drugs is commonly confused with nitrates due to similar names?
Which group of drugs is commonly confused with nitrates due to similar names?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of angina?
Which of the following is a common symptom of angina?
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What lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of angina?
What lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of angina?
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What does unstable angina refer to?
What does unstable angina refer to?
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Which factor contributes to coronary artery disease?
Which factor contributes to coronary artery disease?
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What type of angina is caused by vasospasm of coronary arteries?
What type of angina is caused by vasospasm of coronary arteries?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for angina?
Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for angina?
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How can stress management benefit individuals at risk for angina?
How can stress management benefit individuals at risk for angina?
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What happens during atherosclerosis in relation to angina?
What happens during atherosclerosis in relation to angina?
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What is a recommended dietary change for preventing angina?
What is a recommended dietary change for preventing angina?
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Which activity is most likely to trigger stable angina?
Which activity is most likely to trigger stable angina?
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What is angina pectoris characterized by?
What is angina pectoris characterized by?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for angina?
Which of the following is a risk factor for angina?
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How does coronary artery disease contribute to angina?
How does coronary artery disease contribute to angina?
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What condition is often caused by the occlusion of a coronary artery?
What condition is often caused by the occlusion of a coronary artery?
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What does ischemia refer to?
What does ischemia refer to?
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Which term describes the condition of hardening and narrowing of arteries?
Which term describes the condition of hardening and narrowing of arteries?
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What effect does vasospasm have on blood vessels?
What effect does vasospasm have on blood vessels?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of angina?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of angina?
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What is atheromas?
What is atheromas?
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What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body?
What is the primary role of aldosterone in the body?
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Which of the following describes isolated systolic hypertension?
Which of the following describes isolated systolic hypertension?
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What does the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system primarily regulate?
What does the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system primarily regulate?
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Which lifestyle change is most effective in reducing the risk of hypertension?
Which lifestyle change is most effective in reducing the risk of hypertension?
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What complication is associated with untreated or poorly controlled hypertension?
What complication is associated with untreated or poorly controlled hypertension?
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Which factor is vital in the development of coronary heart disease that can contribute to hypertension?
Which factor is vital in the development of coronary heart disease that can contribute to hypertension?
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What is the formula for determining blood pressure?
What is the formula for determining blood pressure?
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What measurement defines diastolic blood pressure?
What measurement defines diastolic blood pressure?
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What condition is characterized by sudden drops in blood pressure upon standing?
What condition is characterized by sudden drops in blood pressure upon standing?
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Which of the following is a regulatory site for blood pressure control?
Which of the following is a regulatory site for blood pressure control?
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Which condition is NOT considered a risk factor for hypertension?
Which condition is NOT considered a risk factor for hypertension?
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What does hyperkalemia refer to?
What does hyperkalemia refer to?
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What is a significant risk factor for hypertension related to metabolic health?
What is a significant risk factor for hypertension related to metabolic health?
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Which drug is known to increase blood pressure as a side effect?
Which drug is known to increase blood pressure as a side effect?
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What is considered stage 1 hypertension?
What is considered stage 1 hypertension?
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Which lifestyle factor contributes to hypertension?
Which lifestyle factor contributes to hypertension?
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What is a potential consequence of metabolic syndrome?
What is a potential consequence of metabolic syndrome?
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Which option is NOT a known effect of increased peripheral resistance?
Which option is NOT a known effect of increased peripheral resistance?
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What is the relationship between obesity and blood pressure?
What is the relationship between obesity and blood pressure?
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Which of the following drugs is specifically associated with increasing blood pressure?
Which of the following drugs is specifically associated with increasing blood pressure?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians, 4th Edition
- This book is by Kathy Moscou PhD RPh MPH and Karen Snipe CPhT AS BA MEd
- Copyright is held by Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 17: Treatment of Angina
- The chapter focuses on the treatment of angina
- Covers terminology, symptoms, risk factors, coronary artery disease role, and lifestyle changes for reducing angina risk.
Lesson 17.1: Angina
- Learn the terminology related to angina treatment.
- List symptoms and risk factors for angina.
- Explain coronary artery disease's role in angina development.
- Identify lifestyle changes that lower angina risk.
Key Terms
- Angina pectoris: Severe chest pain due to ischemic heart disease triggered by exertion or stress.
- Arteriosclerosis: Hardening and thickening of arterial walls, losing elasticity.
- Atheroma: Hard plaque buildup inside an artery.
- Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup in arteries, narrowing them.
- Coronary artery disease: Hardening and narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the heart.
- Embolus: Moving blood clot.
- Hyperlipidemia: High cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.
- Ischemia: Insufficient blood supply to an area of the body.
- Ischemic heart disease: Heart muscle damage/inefficient function due to inadequate blood supply.
- Necrosis: Cell death, often from lack of blood/oxygen.
- Myocardial infarction: Heart attack; heart muscle death due to blockage (occlusion) of a coronary artery.
- Thrombus: Stationary blood clot.
- Vasospasm: Spasms constricting blood vessels, reducing blood & oxygen flow.
Overview of Angina (1 of 2)
- Risk factors: Heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and stress.
Overview of Angina (2 of 2)
- Risk factors (lifestyle): Smoking, overeating, high-cholesterol/salt diets, excessive alcohol use, and lack of exercise.
Angina (1 of 3)
- Chest pain (squeezing or pressure-like)
- Pain radiating to arms, shoulders, neck, or jaw
- Described as severe heartburn or indigestion.
Angina (2 of 3)
- Imbalance between blood supply to heart muscle and oxygen need.
- Symptoms occur when heart's oxygen supply is insufficient.
Angina (3 of 3)
- Coronary artery disease: High dietary cholesterol contributes.
- Cholesterol, lipids, and lipophages build up in arteries.
- Atherosclerosis: Lipid streaks harden into plaques (atheromas), reducing blood flow.
Types of Angina
- Stable angina: Symptoms during exertion (physical activity, smoking, eating, stress), often relieved by rest.
- Unstable angina: Symptoms without exertion or occurs when an embolus (blood clot).
- Variant or vasospastic angina: Symptoms caused by coronary artery vasospasm (narrowing) at rest, during the night, or early morning.
Nonpharmacological Treatment of Angina
- Lifestyle changes: Rest breaks to avoid angina, avoid high-salt/cholesterol foods, portion control, stress management techniques, and health changes for better workplace and community lifestyle—nutritious choices in cafeterias.
Lesson 17.2: Drugs Used to Treat Angina
- List and categorize medications for angina treatment.
- Detail the mechanism of action for each drug class.
- Identify look-alike/sound-alike drug issues.
- List common endings for drug classes in angina treatment.
- Explain warning labels and precautions for angina medications.
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Angina
- Nitrates: Isosorbide dinitrate (acute and extended-release), Isosorbide mononitrate (long-acting metabolite, used for prevention only) and Nitroglycerin (acute and extended-release).
Nitrates (1 of 2)
- Dilate blood vessels (arteries and veins)
- Increase oxygen supply to the heart.
- Pro-drugs that convert to nitrous oxide in the body causing vascular relaxation.
Nitrates (2 of 2)
- Adverse Reactions: Vasodilation, hypotension, facial flushing, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.
Look-Alike/Sound-Alike Drugs: Nitrates
- Isordil, Isuprel, Inderal; Imdur, Imuran; Monoket, Monopril; Nitro Bid, Nicobid; Nitroderm, Nicoderm; Nitrol, Nizoral; Nitrostat, Nilstat, Hyperstat.
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (1 of 3)
- Atenolol, Metoprolol, Nadolol, Propranolol.
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (2 of 3)
- Reduce heart's oxygen demand by binding to beta-receptor sites and blocking sympathetic nervous system activity, decreasing heart rate and workload.
- Decrease frequency and severity of stable (exertional) angina.
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (3 of 3)
- Adverse Reactions: Dizziness, fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, and heart block.
Look-Alike/Sound-Alike Drugs: Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
- Atenolol, albuterol, timolol; Tenormin, Norpramin, thiamine; Metoprolol, metolazone, metaproterenol, misoprostol; Toprol-XL, Topamax; Corgard, Coreg, Cognex; Inderal, Isordil, Toradol, Imdur, Adderall, Enduron, Enduronyl, Inderal LA, Inderide.
Calcium Channel Blockers (1 of 3)
- Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine
- Nondihydropyridines: Benzothiazepines (diltiazem), Phenylalkylamines (verapamil).
Calcium Channel Blockers (2 of 3)
- Block L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, suppressing depolarization, and reducing heart muscle contraction.
- Dihydropyridines are selective for blood vessels, do not slow heart rate.
Calcium Channel Blockers (3 of 3)
- Adverse reactions (Dihydropyridines): Dizziness, flushing, headache, peripheral edema
- Adverse reactions (Nondihydropyridines): Heart block, heart failure, bradycardia, and constipation.
Look-Alike/Sound-Alike Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers
- Norvasc, Norvir, Vasocor; Amlodipine, Amiloride; Cardizem, Cardura, Cardene, Cardizem SR, Cardene SR, Cardizem CD; Tiazac, Tigan, Ziac; Nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine; Procardia, Procardia XL, Cartia XT; Covera HS, Provera; Verelan, verapamil, Voltaren.
Tech Note: Common Syllables and Endings
- Nitrates use "nitro," "nitra" in brand/generic names
- Beta-blockers end in "-olol"
- Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers end in "-dipine".
Other Drug Classifications
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
- Anticoagulants
- Antiplatelet drugs
- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa drugs
- Antihyperlipidemics
Warning Labels
- Nitrates: Take on empty stomach (isosorbide dinitrate), swallow whole (sustained/extended-release), avoid alcohol.
- Beta-adrenergic blockers: May cause dizziness, use caution when driving or performing alert tasks, avoid abrupt discontinuation.
- Calcium channel blockers: May cause dizziness, limit caffeine and alcohol.
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Description
Explore Chapter 17 of 'Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians', focusing on the treatment of angina. Understand the key terms, symptoms, risk factors, and the role of coronary artery disease in angina. Learn about lifestyle changes that can reduce angina risk effectively.
