Chapter 1 Introduction to Globalization (PDF)

Dane Rochelle D. Nalicat,MAED Instructor  Specific Objectives: 1. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization 2. Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization. 3. Agree on a working definition of globalization for the cour...

Dane Rochelle D. Nalicat,MAED Instructor  Specific Objectives: 1. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization 2. Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization. 3. Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course. INTRODUCTION When the world was surprised by the birth of information technology, societies became more eager to adopt the trends of the market. People across the globe showed interest to be part of a community where connections and linkages are available. When the World Trade Organizations (WTO) was formed, economies responded quickly showing interest in this global network of countries. The world is in a state of complexities and uncertainties. Small and big institutions and communities are affected at a higher scale by these complex phenomena. No one can accurately predict what the world would be like in the next 10 or 20 years. What happened in the late 90s and early 2000s are remarkable events have defined the future of man and its environment. Migration, economic organizations, political alliances, and the digital world are common landmarks of the global society. Networks and the formation of strong linkages will prevail over the conservative and isolationist behavior. 1.1 Competing Conceptions of Globalization 1.1 COMPETING CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION In the area of academe, no single currency or definition has acquired acceptance. On the contrary, various competing interpretations emerged vying for dominance and universal recognition. To define globalization is to simply put it as a social process of reshaping and remaking the world order. Operations of social institutions transcend across territories and boundaries with the goal of expanding its reach-economic, political, and technological fibers. From the lens of Ritzer (2008), he described this phenomenon as the spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life. The interconnectedness and social segments from macro-institutions to the smallest sectors of the world have coincided the fabrics of globalization. In defining globalization, Justine Rosenberg argues that “globalization as a phenomenon gave rise to the interconnectedness of human society that replaced the sovereign state system with a multilateral system of global governance”. 1.2 Underlying Philosophies of the Varying Definitions Of Globalization Realism The realists’ perspective in explaining globalization focuses on the shifting distribution of power among states (Walt, 1998 and Snyder, 2004). They explained that the core idea of dominating the world is through the employment of power. This force comes from different angles, depending, on the power availability of a nation. However, realists warn that countries may suffer and struggle to maintain its power if it will be overarched and used wrongly. In globalization, countries that have the power to dominate and control the world are those whose economies have the “powers” to affect and influence the operation worldwide. liberalism Liberalism is a perspective in international relations where actors and institutions emphasize relationship and negotiations. Liberalists observe the importance of interaction and communication and focus on solving problems and conflicts affecting them. This idea is very evident in countries where democratic governance and institutions play major roles in maintaining national cohesiveness in managing domestic and international affairs. Liberal accounts describe the transformation of political-economic structures and the development of global interconnectedness in terms of the following factors: a. Spread of democracy and institutions b. Global economic ties c. International organizations idealism The advent of globalization, formation of institutions, and the interplay of nations should be guided by ethical and legal standards. Idealists and constructivists hold the notion that values, and norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the process and works of individuals, groups, or nations. This theory emphasizes on the functions of ideologies, frameworks, systems, and identities in understanding globalization and international order. Its core beliefs centers on the centrality of ideas, beliefs, and collective values that shape the political and economic landscapes of the world. Assignment No. 1 Assignment no 1 1) What is Economic Globalization and why is it important? 2) What is Cultural Globalization and why is it important? 3) What is Political Globalization and why is it important? 1.3 Dimensions Of Globalization  DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION Economic Globalization Cultural Globalization Political Globalization It refers to the mobility of people, It refers to the transmission of It refers to the growth of the capital, technology, goods and ideas, meanings, and values worldwide political system, both services internationally. It is also around the world in such a way in size and complexity. The about how integrated countries as to extend and intensify social creation and existence of the are in the global economy. It relations. This process is marked United Nations has been called refers to how interdependent by the common consumption of one of the classic examples of different countries and regions cultures that have been diffused by political globalization. have become across the world. the internet, popular culture media, and international travel. 1.4 Reasons For Globalization  REASONS FOR GLOBALIZATION 1 Rapid shrinking of time and 3 Companies and institutions distance across the globe. 2 Domestic markets go global to find political One can easily cross the are no longer rich and economic stability which bridge going to the other side because of many is relatively good in other of the marketplace due to interlocking countries than the country advance tools of technology factors. of origin. than before. 6 To be close to raw 4 To get technological and 5 Ttransportation o reduce high costs if materials and to managerial know-how of markets of their other countries due to their one goes globally finished products advancement in science and using the advance tools which are not technology, education, health, of communication and available in the and other fields of discipline. information. country of origin. 1.5 Pros and Cons of Globalization  Pros of Globalization IT ENCOURAGES FREE TRADE. MORE TRADE MEANS THE POTENTIAL Without borders in place, consumers can FOR MORE JOBS. When there are fewer purchase items from anywhere in the barriers in place to purchase items, then world at a reduced cost. consumers will generally purchase more things. This creates the foundation that businesses need to create more jobs. OPEN BORDERS MEAN MORE OPPORTUNITIES IT ALLOWS FOR OPEN LINES OF TO DEVELOP POOR AREAS OF THE WORLD. COMMUNICATION. When borders are There are many nations in the world today that are in a state of entry-level industrialization. Poverty is a removed, people have the ability to feature in many of these developing countries. Through communicate with one another more freely. the process of globalization, the removal of borders There is a greater intermingling of allows the people in these areas to experience greater prosperity because each area gains the ability to access cultures, which allows people to have a what they need. greater perspective about the world.  CONS OF GLOBALIZATION IT GENERALLY MAKES JOBS GET IT CREATES A POLITICAL THE RICH BECOME RICH TRANSFERRED TO SYSTEM WHERE THE AND THE POOR TO LOWER-COST AREAS. BIGGEST AND THE BECOME MIRED IN RICHEST HAVE INFLUENCE. Jobs can be created through POVERTY. This means the The biggest businesses and globalism, but they tend to wealthiest people could hoard rich can access what they want be created in the areas where global resources for themselves or need to become richer, but the poor get trapped in labor costs are the cheapest. through whatever government poverty because they don’t was put into place, enhancing have the means to access the social inequalities that are success. already being seen on smaller scales.  CONS OF GLOBALIZATION DISEASES TRAVEL FASTER IN A WORLD THAT IS IT COULD HAVE A GLOBALIZED. When people NEGATIVE IMPACT ON stay within their own regions, THE ENVIRONMENT. Let’s there are fewer problems with say that production levels communicable diseases. If increase because everyone sees there were no borders and a boost in their economic people could travel freely to circumstances. This would wherever they wished to go, potentially increase pollution this issue would cause even the levels that could acidify the air, most remote parts of the the ocean, and cause more world to be exposed to issues with global warming. potentially deadly health concerns. Thank You For Listening!