Organizational Behavior Chapter 1 PDF

The Field of Organizational Behavior Learning Objectives DEFINE organizational behavior (OB) DESCRIBE the major characteristics of the field of OB DISTINGUISH between the Theory X and Theory Y philosophies of management IDENTIFY the fundamental assumptions of the field of OB DESCRIBE...

The Field of Organizational Behavior Learning Objectives DEFINE organizational behavior (OB) DESCRIBE the major characteristics of the field of OB DISTINGUISH between the Theory X and Theory Y philosophies of management IDENTIFY the fundamental assumptions of the field of OB DESCRIBE the historical roots of the field of OB CHARACTERIZE the nature of the field of OB today  Three Good Reasons Why You Should Care About... Organizational Behavior 1. To achieving personal success as a manager 2. To make people both productive and happy on their jobs 3. To be able to address a wide variety of OB issues Organizational Behavior (OB) The multidisciplinary field that seeks knowledge of behavior in organizational settings by systematically studying individual, group, and organizational processes.  Characteristics of the Field of OB OB applies the scientific method to practical managerial problems.  Research Methods in OB Research Method Description Comments Survey Questionnaires are developed and administered to This technique is the Research people to measure how they feel about various most popular one used aspects of themselves, their jobs, and their in the field of OB. organizations. Responses to some questionnaires are compared to others, or to actual behaviors, to see how various concepts are interrelated. Experimental Behavior is carefully studied -- either in a controlled This technique makes Research setting (a lab) or in an actual company (the field) -- it possible to learn to see how a particular variable that is systematically about cause-effect varied affects other aspects of behavior relationships. Naturalistic A non-empirical technique in which a scientist This technique is subject Observation systematically records various events and behaviors to the biases of the observed in a work setting. observer. Case Study A thorough description of a series of events that Findings may not be occurs in a particular organization. generalizable to other organizations.  Characteristics of the Field of OB OB focuses on three levels of analysis  Characteristics of the Field of OB OB focuses on three levels of analysis Individual Group Organization Biographical traits Communication Culture Personality Other groups Structure Values & attitudes Conflict Design Ability Power & politics Technology Perception Group structure Work processes Motivation Work teams Selection processes Individual learning Leadership Training programs Decision making Decision making Appraisal practices  Characteristics of the Field of OB OB is multidisciplinary in nature The Multidisciplinary Roots of Organizational Behavior Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall  Characteristics of the Field of OB OB assumes that there is no “one best” approach Characteristics of the Field of OB OB seeks to improve organizational effectiveness and the quality of life at work  Testing your assumptions about people at work… Self assessment exercise Textbook, p. 27-28 Answer your questions individually and determine your score for Theory X and Theory Y  Theory X versus Theory Y Theory X Theory Y A traditional A philosophy of philosophy of management management suggesting that suggesting that under the right most people are circumstances, lazy and people are fully irresponsible and capable of working will work hard productively and only when forced accepting to do so. responsibility for their work. Theory X versus Theory Y 1. Which perspective did this questionnaire indicate that you more strongly endorsed, Theory X or Theory Y? Is this consistent with your own intuitive conclusion? 2. Do you tend to manage others in ways consistent with Theory X or Theory Y ideas? 3. Can you recall any experiences that may have been crucial in defining or reinforcing your Theory X or Theory Y philosophies? Why does OB Matter?  Why does OB Matter? Companies whose managers accurately appraise the work of their subordinates enjoy lower costs and higher productivity. Why does OB Matter? People who are satisfied with the way they are treated on their jobs are more pleasant to work with and less likely to quit.  Why does OB Matter? People who are carefully trained to work together tend to be happier and more productive. Why does OB Matter? Employees who believe they have been treated unfairly are likely to steal more and reject the policies of their organizations. Why does OB Matter? People who are mistreated by their supervisors have more mental and physical illnesses than those who are treated with kindness, dignity, and respect.  Why does OB Matter? Organizations that treat employees well are, on average, twice as profitable. Why does OB Matter? Organizations that offer good employee benefits and have friendly conditions are more profitable than those that are less people oriented.  Why does OB Matter? Companies whose managers accurately appraise the work of their subordinates enjoy lower costs and higher productivity. People who are satisfied with the way they are treated on their jobs are more pleasant to work with and less likely to quit. People who are carefully trained to work together tend to be happier and more productive. Employees who believe they have been treated unfairly are likely to steal more and reject the policies of their organizations. People who are mistreated by their supervisors have more mental and physical illnesses than those who are treated with kindness, dignity, and respect. Organizations that treat employees well are, on average, twice as profitable. Organizations that offer good employee benefits and have friendly conditions are more profitable than those that are less people oriented. Fundamental Assumptions  Dynamic Nature of Organizations ▪ An organization is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to meet some agreed-upon objectives. ▪ Organizations are open systems - they are self sustaining systems that use energy to transform resources from the environment into some form of output. Organizations as Open Systems  Contingency Approach Suggests that organizational behavior is affected by a large number of interacting factors How someone will behave is contingent upon many different variables at once.  Responding to Advances in Technology Creating leaner organizations ✓ Automation - the process of replacing people with machines, which includes white-collar and mental- labor, as well as blue-collar and menial labor. ✓ Downsizing/Rightsizing - the process of adjusting the number of employees needed to work in newly designed organizations. ✓ Outsourcing/Offshoring - the process of eliminating those parts of organizations that focus on noncore sectors of the business and hiring outside firms to perform these functions instead  Responding to Advances in Technology Creating virtual enterprises ✓ Highly flexible, temporary organizations formed by groups of companies that join forces to exploit a specific opportunity. Increasing the use of telecommuting ✓ The practice of using communications technology to enable work to be performed from remote locations.  Telecommuting… where to work? Distributed work - work is spread across different locations including client offices. Office hoteling - offices are reserved on an as-needed basis. Coworking spaces - work is conducted in shared offices, coffee shops, or other locations where workers can benefit from the synergies of being around others. Jellies - informal gatherings of people in coffee shops, homes, and other locations where people work independently, but enjoy the company of others. Potential Benefits of Telecommuting Adapting to Telecommuting  A Global Perspective Globalization – the process of interconnecting the world’s people with respect to the cultural, economic, political, technological, and environmental aspects of their lives. A Global Perspective Culture - the set of values, customs, and beliefs that people have in common with other members of a social unit (e.g., a nation).  A Global Perspective Culture shock - the tendency for people to become confused and disoriented as they attempt to adjust to a new culture.  A Global Perspective Repatriation - the process of readjusting to one’s own culture after spending time away from it.  A Global Perspective Globalization - the process of interconnecting the world’s people with respect to the cultural, economic, political, technological, and environmental aspects of their lives. Culture - the set of values, customs, and beliefs that people have in common with other members of a social unit (e.g., a nation). Culture shock - the tendency for people to become confused and disoriented as they attempt to adjust to a new culture. Repatriation - the process of readjusting to one’s own culture after spending time away from it.  Trend toward Diversity ▪More women are in the workforce than ever before. ▪Racial and ethnic diversity is reality. ▪People are living and working longer than ever before. 1-39 1-39 Minorities in the Workplace  Living and Working Longer As a result of greater workforce diversity organizations must: ✓address differences in communication styles. ✓identify what motivates individuals at different stages of their lives. ✓manage the stress and conflict that can emerge when people interact with co-workers who have different norms.  Fundamental Assumptions ▪ OB recognizes the dynamic nature of organizations ▪ OB assumes there is no “one best” approach ▪ OB responds to changes in social, economic and technological conditions ▪ OB takes a global perspective ▪ OB embraces the trend toward diversity  Current Issues in OB ▪ Cross-cultural aspects of behavior ▪ Unethical behavior in organizations ▪ Human physiology in the workplace ▪ Workforce diversity ▪ Alternative work arrangements ▪ Increasing team responsibility ▪ Unrelenting change