Chapter 1: The Study of History PDF

PASS COLLEGE Quezon Avenue, Alaminos City Pangasinan THE STUDY OF HISTORY AND CONTROVERSIES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Chapter 1. The Study of History Intended Learning Objectives: Explain th...

PASS COLLEGE Quezon Avenue, Alaminos City Pangasinan THE STUDY OF HISTORY AND CONTROVERSIES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Chapter 1. The Study of History Intended Learning Objectives: Explain the meaning and relevance of history Distinguish primary from secondary sources of information. Describe my role in history in my own words. Analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of primary sources. I. INTRODUCTION The study of history is an examination of past events, cultures, societies, and individuals to understand how they have shaped the present and can guide the future. Historians analyze historical sources, such as documents, artifacts, and oral traditions, to reconstruct and interpret the past. By exploring different perspectives and narratives, historians seek to uncover the complexities of human experiences and interactions over time. Studying history helps us understand the causes and consequences of past events, appreciate the diversity of human experiences, and develop critical thinking skills to navigate the complexities of the world today. II. DISCUSSIONS Definition of History History means the search for knowledge and truth, searching to find out. “History is any integrated narrative or description of past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth” Calderon & Gonzales (1993) who cited Good and Scates (1972) It was derived from the Greek word “Historia” which means knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation. History is defined as any integrated narrative or description of past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth. History as the discipline that studies chronological order of events (affecting a nation or people), based on critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes. (Encyclopedia Britannic) To Sociologists, history defined as ✓ History is the study of life in society during the past, in all aspects, in relation to present developments in the future hopes. ✓ History explains the background of our religion, customs and traditions, among others. Ambeth Ocampo History from the perspective term kasaysayan, “It rooted in two words salaysay, which means a narrative or a story and, saysay or meaning.” Zeus Salazar Ang “Ama ng Bagong Histograpiyang Pilipino”, “ang kasasayan ay isang salaysay na may saysay sa mga taong nagsasaysay”. a. the concept of saysay or meaning is a major element for a narrative to qualify as historical account. b. a narrative without meaning to the group of people will never be history. Teodoro A. Agoncillo The "Father of Filipino History" a renowned Filipino historian. Agoncillo played a pivotal role in the development of Filipino historiography by emphasizing a nationalist perspective in writing the history of the Philippines. His works, such as: "The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan" and; "History of the Filipino People," He believes that History is the study of important or relevant past. It refers to the struggle of Filipinos aiming for freedom Leopold von Ranke The “Modern Father of History”. A 19th-century German historian, von Ranke is known for his emphasis on using primary sources, rigorous research methods, and an objective approach to historical writing. He played a crucial role in establishing history as a professional academic discipline, advocating for the idea that history should be written "as it actually happened". This approach laid the foundation for modern historiography and historical scholarship. Herodotus The "Father of History" an ancient Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BCE. Herodotus is known for his work "The Histories," which chronicled the Greco-Persian Wars and various aspects of the ancient world, combining historical facts with folklore and cultural observations. Historiography It can refer to both the study of historical writing and the writing of history itself. It involves the methods, principles, and approaches historians use to research, interpret, and present historical events. In a broader sense, "history" as a field of study examines past events, societies, cultures, and the processes of change over time. Why Study History? Dizon et. Al (2011) citing Perry (1999) enumerated the reasons why we need to study history, these are: a) To learn about our past. b) To understand the present. c) To appreciate our heritage in a broad perspective. d) To acquire a background for critical thinking. Relationship of History with other Social Sciences 1. History and Political Science - The structure of government, rights and duties of citizens, laws and regulations, and its relation to other states are all products of evolution by just turning the pages of the country’s past. 2. History and Economics - The evolution of the economic activities of humankind from hunting and gathering societies to post-industrial society can be best understood by looking at the past. 3. History and Sociology - Early societies and communities, evolution of culture, social changes and behavior can be chronologically explained by history. 4. History and Ethics - It provides relevant information about the mistakes made in the past by people and nations. It can be used as a guide to arrive at just, reasonable and acceptable actions in the future. 5. History and Psychology - History gives idea about the behavior of controversial leaders in the past and their actions. Through analogy, it is possible to predict behavior and actions of present leaders. History, therefore, provides public consciousness that enables the people to be vigilant to the possible wrongdoing of the leaders. 6. History and Geography - According to National Geographic.com “when learning about historical topics, it can be very helpful to simultaneously study a region’s geography”. Geography provides the spatial context for historical events, influencing the development of societies, cultures, and economies. Sources of Historical Data In conducting any historical research, different sources of information are required to gain extensive knowledge on a particular topic. Some researchers rely on written sources while others choose to make use of oral sources. No matter what source is being utilized, it is important to know which among the gathered sources can provide accurate details and information about the historical event or subject being researched on. Classifications of Historical Sources Historical primary sources are original documents or materials that were created during the time being studied. These sources provide firsthand accounts, direct evidence, and raw data about historical events, individuals, and developments. Historians and researchers rely on primary sources to investigate and interpret the past, as they offer direct insights into the thoughts, experiences, and perspectives of people who lived during a particular historical period. PRIMARY SOURCES 1. Diaries and Journals: Personal writings in which individuals record their daily experiences, thoughts, and emotions. 2. Letters and Correspondence: Communication between individuals, either personal or official, that reflects the attitudes, beliefs, and interactions of the time. 3. Official Documents: Legal records, government reports, treaties, and laws that provide information about political decisions, administrative actions, and official policies. 4. Newspapers and Magazines: Contemporary publications that report on current events, social issues, and cultural trends of the time. 5. Photographs and Images: Visual representations that capture moments, people, and places from the past. 6. Artifacts and Objects: Physical items such as tools, clothing, artwork, and artifacts that offer insights into daily life, technology, and material culture. 7. Oral Histories: Interviews and recordings of individuals sharing their memories and stories about historical events and experiences. 8. Speeches and Public Addresses: Transcripts or recordings of speeches delivered by political leaders, activists, or influential figures. 9. Maps and Cartographic Materials: Geographic representations that show boundaries, territories, and landscapes of the past. These classifications of historical primary data provide valuable insights into the personal, cultural, social, and political dimensions of historical events and time periods. Researchers utilize primary data to reconstruct historical narratives, analyze trends, and interpret the past in context. SECONDARY SOURCE Historical secondary sources are works that analyze, interpret, or evaluate primary sources to provide a deeper understanding of historical events, individuals, and periods. Unlike primary sources that are firsthand accounts or original documents created during the time being studied, secondary sources are written after the fact by historians, scholars, or researchers. SECONDARY SOURCES 1. Books: Historians write books that explore specific historical topics, events, or figures in depth. These books analyze and synthesize information from primary sources to present a coherent narrative or argument. 2. Journals and Articles: Scholars publish articles in academic journals that contribute to the existing body of historical knowledge. These articles may offer new insights, interpretations, or analyses based on research and primary source evidence. 3. Encyclopedias and Reference Works: Encyclopedias and reference books provide concise information on historical topics, timelines, events, and individuals. They serve as valuable resources for quick reference and basic understanding of historical concepts. 4. Documentaries and Films: Documentaries and historical films present historical events through visual storytelling. While they may incorporate primary sources, they are considered secondary sources because they are created after the events they depict. 5. Websites and Online Resources: Historical websites, digital archives, and online databases provide access to secondary sources such as scholarly articles, research papers, and curated collections of historical materials.  Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary Sources Primary Sources Secondary Sources 1. Individual persons 1. Books such as dictionaries, 2. Organizations such as associations, encyclopedias, almanacs, etc. fraternities, schools, business firms, church, 2. Articles published in professional journal, army, navy, air force, government, law- magazines newspaper and other making bodies, family, tribe, etc. publications. 3. Established practices such as marriage, 3. Unpublished master’s theses and religious rights, legal system, economic dissertations, and other studies. system, democracy system, etc. 4. Monographs, manuscripts etc. 4. Original documents such as constitution, 5. All other second hand sources laws, orders, proclamations treaties, 5. Verbal or written data. contracts, census and all kinds of original records, letters, diaries, will of testament, etc. 5. Living organisms such as animals, fowls, lower forms of living organisms. 6. Natural objects and phenomena such as rain, wind, typhoon, water, earthquake, mountain, snow etc. 7. Man-made material things such as buildings, machined, weapon, artifacts, appliances, roads, bridges, dams, radio, television, electricity, etc. Internal and External Criticism External Criticism refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher used in a historical study. External criticism focuses on the origin, authorship, and external context of the source. Internal Criticism refers to the content of the document that determines its credibility. Internal criticism involves analyzing the content, context, and form of the source itself. To simplify, the authenticity of the document is determined by external criticism, whereas credibility is established by internal criticism. Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining Authenticity and Genuineness of a Document Calderon and Gonzales (1993) citing Good& Scates (1972) enumerated some auxiliary sciences that help in determining the authenticity and genuineness of a document among which are: 1. Epigraphy - is the study of inscriptions and the art of deciphering them. 2. Diplomatic - is the science of charters and diplomas ang include knowledge of the practices and of the forms used in them. 3. Paleography - is the study of writing, which has a history of its own. 4. Philology in all its branches is of the greatest use in determining date and authenticity. 5. Archeology, anthropology, and prehistory have the greatest influence upon study of history. Archeology is the scientific study life and culture of the past, especially ancient peoples, as far as excavations of the ancient cities, relics, artifacts etc.  Anthropology is the study of humans, especially of the variety, physical and cultural characteristics, distribution, customs, social relationships, etc of humanity. Prehistory is history before recorded history as learned from archeology (Sanchez, 1998) III. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study of history is essential for understanding the past, analyzing human experiences, and shaping our present and future. Through the examination of historical sources, critical analysis, and interpretation, historians gain insight into the complexities of human societies, cultures, and events. By learning from the successes and failures of the past, we can make informed decisions, cultivate a sense of empathy and understanding, and appreciate the richness and diversity of human experiences. History serves as a guide for navigating the challenges of the present and shaping a better future for generations to come. IV. REFERENCES Ronald M. Corpuz and CV Tabotabo. (1998). Reading in Philippine History, Intramuros Manila: Mindshapers Co.,Inc https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/41062826-readings-in-philippine-history  ACTIVITY #1 Name: _________________________ Course and Level: ______________ Instructor: ______________________ Date: _________________________ Instruction. Relate the following questions to real-life situations, then write your answers on the spaces provided. Choose your best dialect to express your answer. 1. How has the study of Philippine history helped in understanding the cultural, social, and political developments of the Filipino people throughout different periods? (10 points) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. How can we differentiate between primary and secondary sources to obtain a more accurate and reliable account of events? Please provide an example to illustrate the distinction between these two types of sources. (10 points) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  ASSIGNMENT #1 Name: _________________________ Course and Level: ______________ Instructor: ______________________ Date: _________________________ Directions. Provide a primary source in Philippine history and answer the following questions on source criticism. (20 points) PRIMARY SOURCE: ______________________________________________________ SOURCE CRITICISM 1. When was the source, written or unwritten, produced? 2. Where was it produced? 3. By whom was it produced? 4. From what pre-existing material was it produced? 5. In what original form was it produced? 6. What is the evidential value of its contents?