chap 2 mgm.pdf

Chapter 2: Management History Early Management examples: Egyptian Pyramids, The Great Wall of China. Venice arsenal - Someone had to plan what was to be done, organizing people and materials to do it Making sure these workers got the world done, and imposing some controls to ensure...

Chapter 2: Management History Early Management examples: Egyptian Pyramids, The Great Wall of China. Venice arsenal - Someone had to plan what was to be done, organizing people and materials to do it Making sure these workers got the world done, and imposing some controls to ensure that everything was done as planned. 4 major approaches to management theory: Classical, Behavioral, Quantitative, and Contemporary. 1. Classical Approach: The first studies of management, which emphasized rationality and making organizations and workers as efficient as possible. Scientific Management: The use of scientific method to define “one best way” to get the job done. - Frendrick Winslow Taylor & Frank and Lilibreth Gilbreth (husband and wife team) - Taylor wrote Principles of Scientific Management - Taylor become known as the “father” of scientific management - Taylor’s most prominent followers were Frank and Lilian Gilbreth Application to Today: many of the guidelines and techniques Taylor and the Gilbreths devised for improving production efficiency are still used in organizations today. When managers analyze the basic work tasks that must be performed, use time-and-motion study to eliminate wasted motions, hire the best-qualified workers for a job, or design incentive systems based on output, they’re using the principles of scientific management. Ex: Robots help free workers from repetitive tasks and make things up to 25% faster. General Administrative Theory: Focus on what managers do and what is conceited good management practice. - The two most important contributors to general administrative theory were Henri Fayol and Max Weber. - Henri Faylo also wrote the first 5 functions of management - Henri Faylo developed 14 principles of management write it here> Application to Today: Serve as a frame of refer-ence from which many current management concepts—such as managerial author-ity, centralized decision making, reporting to only one boss, and so forth—have evolved. 2. Behavioral Approach: Looking at the view of working with people. The field of study that the actions (behavior) of people at work is called organizational (OB) 4 stand out as early advocates of the OB approach 1. Robert Owen  2. Hugo Musnterberg 3. Mark Parker 4. Chaters Barnard Applications in Today: The behavioral approach has largely shaped how today’s organizations are managed. From the way managers design jobs to the way they work with employee teams to the way they communicate, we see elements of the behavioral approach. 3. Quantitative Approach: the use of quantitative technology to improve decision making. What exactly does quantitative approach do? It involves applying statistics,optimization models, information models, computer simulations, and other quantitative models, information models, computer simulations, and other quantitative techniques to management activites. Ex: linear programing, for instance, is a technique that managers use to improve resource allocation decisions. Each of these is an example of quantitative techniques being applied to improve managerial decision making. Another area where quantitative techniques are used frequently is in total quality management. Write here > Application in Today: The quantitative approach contributes directly to management decision making in the areas of planning and control. For instance, when managers make budgeting,queuing, scheduling, quality control, and similar decisions, they typically rely on quantitative techniques. 4. Contemporary Approaches Management researchers began to look at what was happening in the external environment outside the boundaries of the organization. Two contemporary management perspectives—systems and contingency—are part of this approach. A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. The two basic types of systems are closed and open.Closed systems are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment. In contrast, open systems are influenced by and do interact with their environment Contingency approach; A management approach that recognizes organizations as different, which means they face different situations(contingencies) and require different ways of managing