Chapter 3 - Review of the Literature PDF

Chapter 3- Review of the Literature Mr. Dahir Abdinur Ahmed MSc in IHM 1 Learning Objectives 7.1 Explain the purpose of a literature review 7.2 Differentiate among primary and secondary sources and research articles and grey lit...

Chapter 3- Review of the Literature Mr. Dahir Abdinur Ahmed MSc in IHM 1 Learning Objectives 7.1 Explain the purpose of a literature review 7.2 Differentiate among primary and secondary sources and research articles and grey literature 7.3 Construct an effectively designed search strategy that includes a concise research question 7.4 Conduct a comprehensive literature search on a given topic Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Introduction Reviewing the literature relevant to a research topic is a standard part of doing research. A literature review provides an analysis and synthesis of information from research studies, scholarly articles, books, dissertations, conference proceedings, and other materials relevant to a particular topic. A literature review should foster new research by identifying the areas where extensive research has been completed, and by uncovering areas where more research is needed. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  11/1/2024 Definition A literature review is an assessment of a body of research that addresses a research question. An organized written presentation of what has been published on a topic by the scholars. (Burns and Grove, 2005) An Account of what has been published by accredited scholars and researchers. (Taylor, 2011)  11/1/2024 Characteristics of a Good Quality Review of Literature A good review of literature must be comprehensive. It should include up-to-date references. It should be systemic. It should be free from bias. It should be well written. It should be in the form of sum of its parts. It should be clearly searched and selected. Accurate references should be given in the review.  11/1/2024 Factors Affecting Review of Literature Researcher’s Background –An experienced researcher finds it easy to prepare a review of literature than a beginner. Complexity of the research project –It is easy to collect review of literature for simple and easy research projects than complex ones. ❖ Availability of resources –Availability of resources like computer, internet facility, online and offline journal subscription makes it easy to prepare a good review of literature.  11/1/2024 Factors Affecting Review of Literature ❖ Study time frame –To conduct a relevant review of literature sufficient time is needed. ❖ Availability of support system –If there are many research scholars involved in the research then a good review of literature can be gathered.  Purposes of the Literature Review Determine what is already known about the topic of interest – Locate previous studies in that area – Specify problem to be studied Help locate a framework for proposed study Highlight gaps and under-researched areas, to identify current debates and controversies Help plan study methodology – The researcher may be able to capitalize on the successes as well as the mistakes of other investigators Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Literature Sources Types of Information Sources – Finding tools are used to locate literature sources. ▪ Resources or search tools Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Literature Sources – Reference materials – Books – Scholarly journals – Magazines – News sources – Statistics – Reports, research studies, and conference papers – Theses and dissertations – Social media Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Literature Sources Primary and Secondary Sources – Primary sources ▪ Written by original investigator or researcher ▪ Frequently found in journal articles ▪ Should be read whenever possible ▪ Start by reading abstract or summary ▪ Frequently contain reference citations Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Literature Sources – Secondary sources ▪ Summary or description of research study written by someone else ▪ May provide valuable insights ▪ Risk of misinterpretation or omission Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies Develop a Search Strategy – Planning can make the search easier, faster, and often yield better results. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies – Decide on your search question ▪ Question provides framework for literature review. ▪ Provide a clear focus. ▪ If question is too broad it may lead in many directions. – Question whether the topic needs to be more specific ▪ What do certain terms and criteria mean? ▪ What factors might be important? ▪ Changes will be made as you see what has been studied and those results. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies – Create a set of search terms or phrases ▪ Use nouns, noun phrases, keywords. – Induce, labor, morning, evening ▪ Expand search words with synonyms, antonyms, other relevant words. – Pregnancy, birth, labor, childbirth, delivery, daytime, night, day, time factors ▪ Limit catalog search to specific materials by adding terms such as reference or encyclopedia. ▪ In databases, add terms such as study, research, measurement, statistics, randomized, validity, and narrative to retrieve research studies. ▪ Include Medical Subject Headings (M e S H). Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies – Decide if currency is important ▪ May want to limit search to past five or ten years ▪ Research studies often cover a significant time period. ▪ Historical information may also be included for some topics Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies – Use options and limiters ▪ Vary according to specific resource ▪ Recommend using “advanced search” when available ▪ Examples of advanced search options and limiters – and/or/not/ – as a phrase – without the word – date range – language Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies ▪ Examples of advanced search options and limiters – includes references – audience – URL – research type – age – peer reviewed Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies Ask a Librarian – Libraries contain a wealth of information. – Tour the library and consult the staff. – Librarians have skills and expertise. – Before beginning research project, make appointment with librarian ▪ “Research informationists” ▪ Prepared to work with research teams – Librarians love research. ▪ Knowledgeable and helpful Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Search Strategies Search Engines ▪ Finding tools to help find literature sources online ▪ Biggest challenge is sorting through information ▪ Google Scholar ▪ Don’t pay for articles that your library already owns ▪ Information becomes somewhat outdated almost as soon as it becomes available Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Writing the Literature Review Literature review – Must include organized information from sources found through a comprehensive search – Purpose is to offer a data-based synthesis of existing research relevant to a topic. – After information sources are analyzed, researcher will combine information and summarize what was discovered. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Writing the Literature Review Extracting Information from Literature Sources – Each literature source must be analyzed and interpreted. – Findings and conclusions will be used. – Do not omit important information. ▪ Better to have too much information Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Writing the Literature Review – Most literature reviews include: ▪ Introduction – An overview of the topic – Objectives of the review – Research question and thesis statement – Description of methods used to locate sources – Justification used for inclusion and exclusion of sources – Explanation of how sources were evaluated and categorized Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Writing the Literature Review ▪ Body – Where you document what is known about the research topic – Answer the question, “What is the evidence?” – Provide an analysis of how each source supports or opposes a particular position or varies from the other research – Provide conclusions about which materials most strongly support your arguments Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Writing the Literature Review ▪ Section on suggestions for further research – Based on your questions resulting from what you found or didn’t find in the literature – Write about aspects of the topic where further research is needed Include new research questions. ▪ Closing summary – A discussion about highlights in the body – Illustrate how previous research correlates to the thesis statement. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  11/1/2024 Writing the Literature Review ▪ Plagiarism includes: 1. Using another writer’s words without proper citation 2. Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation 3. Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks 4. Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source 5. Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper 6. Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper  11/1/2024 Use of citations in the literature review Two types of citations: Integral: The author’s name appears in the sentence. –Example (author-date system): Lillis (2001) argues that both tutors and students often lack explicit knowledge of the conventions governing the construction of academic texts. Non-integral: The author’s name appears outside sentence. –Example: Both tutors and students often lack explicit knowledge of the conventions governing the construction of academic texts (Lillis, 2001).