Chapter 2 Keywords PDF

keywords archival researchmethod of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships attritionreduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study o...

keywords archival researchmethod of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships attritionreduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time cause-and-effect relationshipchanges in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design clinical or case studyobservational research study focusing on one or a few people confirmation biastendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs confounding variableunanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables control groupserves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups correlationrelationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does correlation coefficientnumber from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r cross-sectional researchcompares multiple segments of a population at a single time debriefingwhen an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion deceptionpurposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment deductive reasoningresults are predicted based on a general premise keywords 1  dependent variablevariable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had double-blind studyexperiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments empiricalgrounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing experimental groupgroup designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance experimenter biasresearcher expectations skew the results of the study factobjective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research falsifiableable to be disproven by experimental results generalizeinferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population hypothesis(plural: hypotheses) a testable prediction about how the world will behave if an idea is correct, often worded as an if-then statement illusory correlationseeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists independent variablevariable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group inductive reasoningconclusions are drawn from observations informed consentprocess of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals Institutional Review Board (IRB)committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human keywords 2  participants inter-rater reliabilitymeasure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event longitudinal researchstudies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time naturalistic observationobservation of behavior in its natural setting negative correlationtwo variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation observer biaswhen observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations operational definitiondescription of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables opinionpersonal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate participantssubjects of psychological research peer-reviewed journal articlearticle read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication placebo effectpeople's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation populationoverall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in positive correlationtwo variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller random assignmentmethod of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group random samplesubset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected reliabilityconsistency and reproducibility of a given result keywords 3  replicaterepeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability samplesubset of individuals selected from the larger population single-blind studyexperiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group statistical analysisdetermines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance surveylist of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper- and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally— allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people theorywell-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena validityaccuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure keywords 4