Cell Division, DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation PDF

**Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Period \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** *The following key terms have been defined in your etextbook. Open your etextbook and click the flashcard icon on the left side.* **[Key terms:]** Anaphase sex chromosomes zygote meiosis crossing over cell...

**Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Period \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** *The following key terms have been defined in your etextbook. Open your etextbook and click the flashcard icon on the left side.* **[Key terms:]** Anaphase sex chromosomes zygote meiosis crossing over cell cycle metaphase somatic cells independent assortment egg cytokinesis sister chromatids telophase cell division asexual reproduction sexual reproduction genes clones diploid homologous chromosomes haploid prophase Guided Reading Activity ======================= **Module 5.1 Cell division provides for reproduction, growth, and repair.** 1. Which of the following is a function of cell division? C. Replacement of lost or damaged cells D. All of the above are functions of cell division. 2. You are a combination of genetic material from both of your parents. Which cells from your parents united during fertilization to form you? 3. Complete the following table regarding reproduction: ---------------------------------------------- -- -- **Produces genetically identical offspring** **Produces genetically different offspring** ---------------------------------------------- -- -- 4. Every one of the \~37 trillion cells in a person's body can ultimately be traced back to one original cell. What is that cell? Guided Reading Activity ======================= **Module 5.2 Chromosomes are associations of DNA and protein.** 1. The molecule of all organisms that stores information is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which contains many units of hereditary information called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that are found on structures called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2. Inside a cell, DNA is associated with proteins. This combination of protein and DNA is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. a centromere B. chromatin C. sister chromatids D. a gene 3. Two chromatids attached by a centromere are referred to as sister chromatids. How many total chromatids would a human skin cell contain after the DNA has been duplicated? **Module 5.3 Cells have regular cycles of growth and division.** 1. Would the cell in the following image likely be in interphase or mitosis? Briefly defend your answer. 2. During which specific stage of the cell cycle is the cytoplasm distributed, which creates two new cells? A. Cytokinesis B. Mitosis C. Interphase D. None of the above **Module 5.4 During mitosis, the nucleus of the cell divides.** 1. Chromosomes are duplicated during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2. Complete the following figure, which illustrates the cell cycle. 3. Is the cell in the following image in interphase or mitosis? Briefly explain your answer either way. 4. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during mitosis? A. B. C. D. 5. The nuclear membrane breaks down during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.[.] 6. List the stages of mitosis in order. **Module 5.5 During cytokinesis, the cell is split in two.** 1. Division of the cytoplasm into two new cells is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. interphase B. mitosis C. cytokinesis D. mitotic phase 2. A cell biologist is studying cell division using the cells of a frog. Using a microscope to study the cells, he or she observes the cell in the following figure. He or she immediately determines the cell is in cytokinesis. What about the cell physically has convinced his or her to make this determination? **Module 5.6 Nuclear transfer can be used to produce clones.** 1. Organisms that are genetically identical and derived from a single parent are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. **Module 5.7 Gametes have half as many chromosomes as body cells.** 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the union of gametes from two different parents. 2. A skin cell is to a somatic cell as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is to a gamete. A. embryo B. zygote C. brain cell D. egg 3. Determine whether each of the following cells is haploid or diploid. E. A human egg: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ F. A cell from a human liver: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ G. A human zygote: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ H. A human sperm: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I. A cell from a human heart: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. A normal human egg or sperm has 23 chromosomes, which is exactly one half the number of chromosomes a somate contains. Briefly explain what would happen to the chromosome number every generation if gametes were actually diploid. 5. Homologous chromosomes Are the two chromosomes shown here homologous? Briefly explain why or why not.  **Module 5.8 Meiosis produces gametes.** 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the type of cell division in animals that produce gametes. 2. Which of the following is a similarity that meiosis shares with mitosis? A. They both undergo chromosome duplication. B. They both have two rounds of cell division. C. They both occur in somatic cells. D. They both have only one round of cell division. 3. True or false: At the end of meiosis I, the two cells are both diploid. If false, please correct the statement. 4. At the end of meiosis II, there are \_\_\_ cells, and they are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. E. four; diploid F. two; haploid G. four; haploid H. two; diploid **Module 5.9 Mitosis and meiosis have important similarities and differences.** 1. Mitosis is to a somate as meiosis is to a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2. List an example of a cell in your body that undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes does that cell have? 3. Complete the following Venn diagram regarding mitosis and meiosis by filling in characteristics that are both unique and similar to both processes. --------- -- --------- Mitosis Meiosis --------- -- --------- 4. Mitosis creates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while meiosis creates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. haploid gametes; diploid gametes B. diploid somates; diploid gametes C. haploid somates; haploid gametes D. diploid somates; haploid gametes **Module 5.10 Several processes produce genetic variation among sexually reproducing organisms.** 1. Sexual reproduction produces a tremendous amount of diversity in organisms. List three ways in which this diversity is accomplished. 2. Each homologous pair of chromosomes can line up in one of two orientations. This kind of alignment is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 3. Briefly explain why the term *crossing over* is accurate for the process it names. 4. Crossing over produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. hybrid chromosomes B. independent assortment C. random fertilization D. a zygote 5. Has the homologous pair of chromosomes in the following figure undergone crossing over? Explain your answer either way. Chapter 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life Guided Reading Activity ======================= 1. A. Chromosomes B. Nucleotides C. Double helix D. Carbohydrates 2. E. Molecules that store information: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ F. Consists of a base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ G. Structure of a double-stranded molecule of DNA: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ H. Identical among all DNA molecules: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I. Individual subunits that make up DNA: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. 4. 5. J. 35% K. 60% L. 85% M. 20% Guided Reading Activity ======================= ***Module 6.2 During DNA replication, a cell duplicates its chromosomes.*** 1. If one polynucleotide strand of DNA has ACTTGACTAGCTA as its sequence of bases, what would be the sequence of bases on the opposing strand? 2. Briefly explain what "rules" allowed you to quickly determine the answer to question 2 above? 3. The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 4. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates the nature of DNA replication. Be sure to label the original DNA molecule, the new copies of DNA, and the new versus original strands in the copies. 5. The following diagram uses colors to illustrate the replication of a chromosome. Use your knowledge of DNA replication to determine whether or not the illustration is accurate. If it is not accurate, briefly explain how to make it correct. 6. Guided Reading Activity ======================= ***Module 6.3 DNA directs the production of proteins via RNA.*** 1. 2. A. Phosphate group B. Ribose C. Deoxyribose D. Uracil 3. 4. 5. E. Presence of uracil, but no thymine F. Presence of guanine, but no cytosine G. Presence of phosphate, but no nitrogen H. Presence of ribose, but no deoxyribose Guided Reading Activity ======================= ***Module 6.4 Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.*** 1. Correct the following diagram that shows the flow of genetic information: RNA  protein  DNA 2. Complete the following illustration, which represents the flow of genetic information in a cell. 4. A. DNA; RNA B. RNA; a protein C. protein; DNA D. protein; RNA 5. 6. **Transcription** **Translation** ----------------- ------------------- ----------------- **Location** **Description** 7. E. Single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG F. DNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG G. Single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG H. DNA strand with the sequence AAGCTC 8. 9. Guided Reading Activity ======================= ***Module 6.5 Transcription creates a molecule of RNA from a molecule of DNA.*** 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process by which information stored in DNA is copied into mRNA. Guided Reading Activity ======================= ***Module 6.6 Translation involves the coordination of three kinds of RNA.*** 1. True or false: The process of translation occurs within the cytoplasm on a cellular structure known as the mitochondrion. If false, please correct the statement. 2. A set of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Which of the following RNA molecules is involved in the process of translation? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. All of the above RNA molecules are involved in translation. 4. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates a ribosome during translation.  5. Briefly explain why a molecule of tRNA makes a good "translator" during the process of translation. 6. According to the table of the genetic code shown here, changing the second base of the codon E. always changes the amino acid that is encoded. F. never changes the amino acid that is encoded. G. sometimes changes the amino acid that is encoded. H. changes all of the above as noted. 7. How many codons are in the following mRNA sequence? AUGGGGCAGGUAUGA 8. Use the information from question 11 to determine how many amino acids would be in the polypeptide produced from that mRNA. ***Module 6.7 Translation creates a molecule of protein via the genetic code.*** 1. 2. A. nucleus; ribosome B. cytoplasm; ribosome C. nucleus; mitochondria D. cytoplasm; lysosome 3. 4. ***Module 6.10 Mutations can have a wide range of effects.*** 1. ***Module 6.11 Loss of gene expression control can result in cancer.*** 1. ***Module 6.12 Cancer is caused by out-of-control cell growth.*** 1. True or false: The spread of cells from a tumor's original location to a new location is known as metastasis. If false, please correct the statement. 2. List four methods of cancer prevention.