Tenses.pdf

SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Topic : TENSE Tenses denote the time of action. They show when the wo...

SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Topic : TENSE Tenses denote the time of action. They show when the work is done. They are: (1) Present Tense (2) Past Tense (3) Future Tense 1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Simple Present- It is used to denote scientific facts, universal truths and workdone on daily ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + V1 + s/es + object Example – She writes a letter. NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + does not + v1 + s/es + object Example – She does not write a letter. INTERROGATIVE RULE --- Does + sub + v1 + s/es + object Example – Does she write a letter? INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE ASSERTIVE --- Does + sub + not + v1 + s/es + object Example – Does she not write a letter?  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Key words: Every day, month, week, year; always; sometimes; never; frequently, daily, seldom, rarely, Habitually, Occasionally, Generally, seldom, Simple Present Tense Examples The earth revolves around the sun. She wakes up early in the morning daily. I speak French quite well. He works in this hotel as a chef. They lead a simple life. She serves the dinner at half-past eight and puts the children to sleep at half-past nine. Present Continuous– It is used to express an action taking place at the timeof speaking. ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object Example – she is writing a letter. NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object Example – She is not writing a letter. INTERROGATIVE RULE --- is/am/are + sub + v1 + ing + object Example – Is she writing a letter? INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE --- is/am/are + sub + not + v1 + ing + object  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Example – Is she not writing a letter? Key words: look, see! , here, watch, now, at this time, on this time, in this moment, at present, listen,still,don’t disturb. Present Progressive Tense Examples He is walking to the door. He is trying hard to complete the degree. The teacher is delivering the lecture. Is Jim my attending the webinar on digital marketing? I understand what you are trying to tell me. Present Perfect: It is used to show an action that started in the past and hasjust finished. ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + v3 + object Example- She has written a letter. NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + not + v3 + object Example – She has not written a letter. GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 3 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah INTERROGATIVE RULE --- has/have + sub + v3 + object Example- Has she written a letter? INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE ---has/have + sub + not + v3 + object Example– Has she not written a letter? Key words: up to now, still now,so far,at moment ago, this morning, this month/year, For; since; yet; never; always; so far; times; many times; lately; recently; already, just now, ever, never, yet, recently Present Perfect Tense Examples He has planted a ridge of cauliflowers in his garden. The teacher has explained the use of the verb to the class. Tom has completed two chapters of the book. I have not yet taken my lunch. Has he already left for England for higher studies? GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 4 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Present Perfect Continuous– This tense shows the action which started inthe past and is still continuing ASSERTIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object Example – She has been writing a letter. NEGATIVE RULE --- sub + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object Example– She has not been writing a letter. INTERROGATIVE RULE ---has/have + sub + been + v1 + ing + object Example – Has she been writing a letter? INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE RULE --- has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object Example – Has she not been writing a letter? Present Perfect Progressive Tense Examples I have been taking a dose of medicine for two weeks. I have not been speaking to her for two weeks. She has been trying to learn French for one month. GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 5 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah He has been discussing the interior design for two hours. He has been working as an editor in this newspaper since 2013. Past Tense Tense symbolizes the ever moving, non-stop wheel of time which is forever busygathering moments of future and throwing them into the dustbin of past Past (before now) Simple Past Past Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Continuous Simple Past tense Used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverb oftime. Sometimes it is used without an adverb of time. Used for past habits. GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 6 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Eg. I played football when I was a child. Rule: Subject + V2 Eg She wrote a letter 1. Assertive Sentences – Subject + V2 + Object + (.) She wrote a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- Subject + didn’t + V1 + Object + (.) She didn’t.write a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- Did + Subject + V1 + Object + (?) Did she write a letter? 4. Interrogative Negative Sentences- Did + Subject + not + V1 + Object + (?) Did she not write a letter? Key words: that day,ago,previous day,yesterday,once upon a time, in past, day before yesterday, few years back, last(year/week/month/night) GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 7 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Simple Past Tense Examples I used to go for a walk. The teacher advised the students to frame a timetable for Mathematics. He admired the poetry of Shakespeare. The little boy fed the fish in the pond. I did not wish to talk to about that matter. Past Continuous Tense Used to denote an action going on at some time in the past. E.g. I was driving a car. Rule: was/were + ing 1. Assertive Sentences – Subject + was/were +V1+ ing + Object + (.) She was writing a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- Subject + was/were + not + ing + Object + (.) She was not writing a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- Was/were + Subject + ing+ Object + (?) GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 8 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Was she writing a letter? 4. Interrogative Negative Sentences- Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object + (?) Was she not writing a letter? Past Progressive Tense Examples He was planning for his future studies. The gardener was mowing the grass of the lawn. The husband was reading a book and the wife was sitting beside him. I was peeling potatoes in the kitchen yesterday. Was he celebrating his birthday last week? Past Perfect Tense Used to describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past, usually along time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to show the action that took place earlier. E.g. The patient had died before the doctor came. 1. Assertive Sentences – Subject + had + V3 + Object + (.) GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 9 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah She had written a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- Subject + had + not + Object + (.) She had not written a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- Had + Subject + V3 + Object + (?) Had she written a letter? 4. Interrogative Negative Sentences- Had + Subject + not + V3 + Object + (?) Had she not written a letter? Past Perfect Tense Examples Julia had completed her assignment before the boss arrived. The sales manager had successfully achieved the target of sales. He had worked as a cashier in this bank. She had performed the research work to complete her degree. It had rained heavily last year when the roads flooded with water. GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 10 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Past Perfect Continuous Tense Used to denote an action that began before a certain point in the past and continuedup to some time in past. E.g. I had been learning English in this school for 20 days. 1. Assertive Sentences – Subject + had been +V1 + ing + Object + (.) She had been writing a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- Subject + had + not been + V1+ ing + Object + (.) She had not been writing a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- Had + Subject+ been+ V1 + ing + Object + (?) Had she been writing a letter? 4. Interrogative Negative Sentences- Had + Subject +not + been + V1 + ing + Object + (?) Had she not been writing a letter? Key words: after, before,by ,as soon as, when Past Perfect Progressive Tense Examples He had been playing hockey for two hours. GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 11 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah He had been making satisfactory progress since his admission to the college. I had been working under the supervision of Mr. Williams. She had been looking for her lost watch for two hours but she did not find it. FUTURE TENSE Time and tide wait for no man. So, a period of time following the moment of speaking or writing is called as future tense. For e.g- She will write a letter. Tense Past (before Future (After Present (now) now) now) Future Future Perfect Simple Future Future Perfect Continuous Continuous GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 12 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Simple Future This tense tells us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future Rule – Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form) In Future Tense helping verb ‘Shall’ is used with ‘I’ and ‘We’. Helping verb ‘Will’is used with all others. When you are to make a commitment or warn someone or emphasize something, use of 'will/shall' is reversed. ‘Will’ is used with ‘I’ & ‘We’ and 'shall' is used with others. In general speaking there is hardly any difference between 'shall & will' and normally ‘Will’ is used with all. Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences; 1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences – Subject + Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (.) She will write a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (.) She will not write a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 13 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Will/Shall + Subject + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (?) Will she write a letter? 4.Interrogative Negative Sentences- Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Verb (Ist form) + Object + (?) Will she not write a letter? Key words: tomorrow, next +future time, in future, soon, coming year, day after tomorrow, after some days/weeks/years Simple Future Tense Examples Tomorrow I am leaving for Dubai. I will go to the beach next Sunday. She will buy a gift for her friend. My father will buy a car for me. He will take the final exam next month. Future Continuous Tense It is used to express an ongoing or continued action in future. E.g. He will be distributing sweets in temple tomorrow at 12 o'clock. GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 14 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah In the example, the action will start in future (tomorrow) and action is thought to be continued till sometime in future. We use the future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the future. Rule: Will/Shall + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences; 1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences – Subject + Will/Shall + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (.) She will be writing a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (.) She will not be writing a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- Will/Shall + Subject + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?) Will she be writing a letter? 4. Interrogative Negative Sentences- Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?) Will she not be writing a letter? Key words: this time tomorrow GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 15 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Future Progressive Tense Examples She will be making pudding at the weekend. He will be drinking tea in the morning at 7 o’clock. They will be playing football next Sunday. She will be baking pies for her children. Future Perfect Tense It is used to express an action which will happen/occur in future and will be completed by a certain time in future. We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular timein the future. e.g. They will have shifted the house by Sunday morning. Rule: Will/Shall + Have + Verb (3rd form) Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences; 1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences – Subject + Will/Shall + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (.) She will have written a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 16 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (.) She will not have written a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- Will/Shall + Subject + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (?) Will she have written a letter? 4. Interrogative Negative Sentences- Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (?) Will she not have written a letter? Future Perfect Tense Examples Tom will have completed his graduation degree by the end of this year. Tom will have travelled to Rome. I will have planted a sapling in my lawn. I will have done my duty before I’ll leave the office. Future Perfect Continuous Tense It is used to talk about actions that will commence at a fix time in future and will continue for some time in future. If there is no time reference, then it is not a Future perfect continuous tense. Without continued time reference, such sentences are Future Continuous Tense. Continued time reference only differentiates between Future Continuous Tense GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 17 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah andFuture Perfect Continuous Tense. The future perfect progressive emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. E.g. This time tomorrow, I will be enjoying the cricket match in the stadium. It is also used to talk about planned actions or actions expected to happen. E.g. they will be staying for a week’s The future perfect progressive emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. Rule: Will/Shall + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing Now, let us use this rule in various forms of sentences; 1. Positive / Affirmative Sentences – Subject + Will/Shall + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (.) She will have been writing a letter. 2. Negative Sentences- Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object+ (.) She will not have been writing a letter. 3. Interrogative Sentences- Will/Shall + Subject + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object +(?) Will she have been writing a letter? GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 18 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT ENGLISH LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Prof. Leena Shah 4. Interrogative Negative Sentences- Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?) Will she not have been writing a letter? Future Perfect Progressive Tense Examples The guests will have been leaving the party for one hour. The farmer will have been sowing crops since November. He will have been painting his house since morning. I will have been learning Spanish for two weeks. My firm will have been progressing by leaps and bounds. GENERAL DEPARTMENT IN ENGINEERING Page | 19 *Proprietary material of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY