English Grammar GS 2020 PDF

ENGLISH GRAMMAR GS Ilerna ILERNA, centro autorizado con código 25002775 (Lleida) y 28077294 (Madrid) www.ilerna.es © Ilerna Online S.L., 2020 Maquetado e impreso por Ilerna Onli...

ENGLISH GRAMMAR GS Ilerna ILERNA, centro autorizado con código 25002775 (Lleida) y 28077294 (Madrid) www.ilerna.es © Ilerna Online S.L., 2020 Maquetado e impreso por Ilerna Online S.L. © Imágenes: Shutterstock Impreso en España - Printed in Spain Reservado todos los derechos. No se permite la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra, ni su incorporación a un sistema informático, ni su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio (electrónico, mecánico, fotoco- pia, grabación u otros) sin autorización previa y por escrito de los titulares del copyright. La infracción de dichos derechos puede constituir un delito contra la propiedad intelectual. Ilerna Online S.L. ha puesto todos los recursos necesarios para reconocer los derechos de terceros en esta obra y se excusa con antelación por posibles errores u omisiones y queda a disposición de corregirlos en posteriores ediciones. 2.a edición: septiembre 2020  CONTENTS English grammar 1. Present simple. State & action verbs......................................................... 4 2. Present continuous..................................................................................... 8 3. Present perfect simple............................................................................. 12 4. Present perfect continuous...................................................................... 14 5. Past time & present perfect simple.......................................................... 18 6. Past continuous........................................................................................ 22 7. Past perfect.............................................................................................. 26 8. Future time. Will & going to..................................................................... 30 9. Future continuous, future perfect simple & future perfect continuous... 34 10. Adverbs & adjectives. Yet, still, already, for & since................................ 40 11. Connectors................................................................................................ 46 12. Comparatives & superlatives.................................................................... 50 13. Prepositions.............................................................................................. 54 14. Phrasal verbs............................................................................................ 60 15. Conditionals. Zero, first, second & third................................................... 64 16. Mixed conditionals................................................................................... 70 17. Modal verbs. Obligation, ability............................................................... 72 18. Reported speech. Direct & indirect style................................................. 76 19. Relative clauses. Defining & non-defining............................................... 82 20. Passive. Passive & active voice................................................................ 86 21. Intensifiers. So, such, too, enough........................................................... 90 22. Question tags............................................................................................ 94 23. I wish... if only.......................................................................................... 96 24. Prepositional verbs................................................................................... 98 25. Prepositional phrases............................................................................. 100 26. Verb phrases........................................................................................... 102 Bibliography................................................................................................. 105 Appendix 1: Irregular verbs.......................................................................... 106 Appendix 2: Pronunciation........................................................................... 113 Appendix 3: Pronouns................................................................................... 116 Appendix 4: Spelling rules of verbs ending in -ing...................................... 117 Exercises Answer Keys.................................................................................. 118 Test Answer Keys.......................................................................................... 122 3 1 PRESENT SIMPLE. STATE & ACTION VERBS  English grammar PRESENT SIMPLE STRUCTURE: base form of verb + -s in 3rd person singular. Use present simple for things that are always true or happen regularly. Remember the spelling rules. Use ASI (Auxiliary + Subject + Infinitive) or QUASI (Question word + Auxiliary + Subject + Infinitive) to help you with word order in questions.  ut the adverbs of frequency before the main verb and after be: We always meet at 9 P o’clock. F requency expressions like every day usually go at the end of the sentence: We speak on the phone every day. In the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) we add an -s at the end of the verb, e.g. eats, lives, sings. We use the auxiliary do/does in negative and interrogative statements. Affirmative: Subject + infinitive verb. Negative: Subject + do not/does not + infinitive verb. Interrogative: Do/Does + subject + infinitive verb. SPELLING RULES Normally, in present simple tense we add -s at the end of the verb in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), but there are some special cases: If the verb ends in -ss, -x, -ch, -sh or the letter o, we add -es, e.g. ◦ Kiss → kisses ◦ Watch → watches ◦ Crash → crashes ◦ Go → goes If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, we remove the y and add -ies, e.g. ◦ Carry → carries ◦ Study → studies AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I work don’t work Do I work? You work don’t work Do you work? He/She/It works doesn’t work Does he/she/it work? We work don’t work Do we work? You work don’t work Do you work? They work don’t work Do they work? 5  Unit 1: Present simple. State & action verbs EXERCISES 1 - Complete the sentences with the present simple form of the verbs in brackets. a. She _______________ (go) to the gym four times a week. b. _______________ you usually _______________ (get up) late? c. They _______________ usually _______________ (not have) a big meal in the evening. d. I _______________ (love) going out to restaurants. e. She _______________ (not buy) low fat products very often. f. I _______________ (feel) guilty when I don’t do my report. g. He _______________ (read) every night before going to bed. 2 - Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. Tick the correct sentences. a. He doesn’t have the car for this weekend. _________________________________________________ b. I am loving eating out but it’s very expensive. _________________________________________________ c. Do you recognize the man in that photo? It’s our old maths teacher. _________________________________________________ d. Nowadays people don’t mind paying more for healthy food. _________________________________________________ e. I’m sorry, I don’t understand. What does this word mean? _________________________________________________ f. I’m not sure if we’re going skiing this weekend. It’s depending on the weather. _________________________________________________ g. I think that people today eat too much unhealthy food. _________________________________________________ 6  English grammar ATTENTION! Verb to be AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I am am not Am I….? You are aren’t Are you…? He/She/It is isn’t Is he/she/it…? We are aren’t Are we…? You are aren’t Are you…? They are aren’t Are they…? Verb to have AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I have haven’t Have I…? You have haven’t Have you…? He/She/It has hasn’t Has he/she/it…? We have haven’t Have we…? You have haven’t Have you…? They have haven’t Have they…? test yourself Choose the correct option with present simple: Emily _______ the piano. My friends _______ very friendly. a) Play a) Are b) Plays b) Is c) Playes c) Do _______ you like coffee? I _______ like pop music. a) Dos a) Aren’t b) Do b) Doesn’t c) Does c) Don’t Present simple is used for habits and permanent situations. a) True b) False 7 Unit 2: Present continuous 2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS  English grammar PRESENT CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE: to be + verb -ing. U  se the present continuous for actions in progress at the time of speaking or for future arrangements (near future): I’m waiting for a friend. Remember the spelling rules: living, studying, getting… AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I am working am not working Am I working? You are working aren’t working Are you working? He/She/It is working isn’t working Is he/she/it working? We are working aren’t working Are we working? You are working aren’t working Are you working? They are working aren’t working Are they working? EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. a. Emma _______________ (play) the guitar at this moment, try to call her later, please. b. I _______________ (think) about going out tonight. What do you think? c. She _______________ (read) a really good book. d. Lots of students _______________ (try) to postpone the exam date. e. Our boss _______________ (have) a meeting right now. f. I _______________ (write) my report. Please, don’t be noisy. g. He _______________ (sing) my favourite song. 2. Chose the correct alternative (present simple or present continuous) in these sentences: a. Today she’s spending/spends time with her granny. b. They usually are going/go to the gym on Sundays. c. We’re having/have a barbecue later on. Do you want to come? d. They sometimes fly/are flying to Sweden, but usually they are going/go by boat. e. He always brings/is bringing a monolingual dictionary to his English class. 9  Unit 2: Present continuous PRESENT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS? Sometimes, the choice between simple and continuous is part of the attitude of the writer or speaker, especially in explanations and descriptions of situations. Julie lives in London. → Permanent situation Julie is living in London for a few months. → Temporary situation STATE AND ACTION VERBS Some verbs have meaning which refer to states or conditions, and others have meaning which refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form or have a different meaning when used in continuous form. STATE VERBS NORMALLY IN PRESENT SIMPLE Belong, consist of, contain, cost1, depend on, deserve, matter, own, possess, resemble Believe, imagine, know, prefer, realize2, understand2, mean Seem VERBS WITH STATE AND ACTION MEANINGS STATE ACTION Do What do you do? What are you doing? Be, have This house is over 5 years old. He is being very silly. Imagine, suppose, I imagine you feel the same. You’re imagining things! think, expect I hope you haven’t been We’re hoping to continue the Hope, wonder waiting long. talks next week. I love going out for long I’m loving every minute of my Enjoy, like, love walks. new job! Your visa appears to be out of Sarah is appearing in Hamlet Appear date. at the Grand Theatre. Look Jim looks ill. Helen is looking well. See, hear I see you’ve had your hair cut. Jane is seeing Harry. Feel, see, smell, taste The room smells awful! I’m smelling the flowers! Ache, feel, hurt My foot hurts. My foot is hurting. This bag weights more than I’m weighing the parcel Weight, measure 20 kilos. before I post it. 1 Cost is sometimes used in continuous to describe a process that is still going on. Realize, regret and understand are normally used with state meaning in present simple, but can be used in conti- 2 nuous to show a changing situation, usually with an adverbial which shows that change is happening. 10 test yourself Choose the correct option with present continuous: Charles _______ a book. a) Is reading b) Have reading c) Has reading I _______ about you all day. a) Are thinking b) Am thinking c) Is thinking My boss _______ for you. a) Waits b) Is waiting c) Has waiting Adam _______ you. a) Is calling b) Call c) Calls Present continuous is used for actions at the moment of the speaking. a) True b) False 11 Unit 3: Present perfect simple 3 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE  English grammar PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE STRUCTURE: subject + have / has + past participle Use the present perfect simple when there is a connection between the past and the present. Something that started in the past and continues to the present: They’ve worked in the same company for nearly fifty years. An experience up to the present (especially when we are talking about our lives): It’s the best present I’ve ever received. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I have worked haven’t worked Have I worked…? You have worked haven’t worked Have you worked…? He/She/It has worked hasn’t worked Has he/she/it worked…? We have worked haven’t worked Have we worked…? You have worked haven’t worked Have you worked…? They have worked haven’t worked Have they worked…? test yourself Choose the correct option with present perfect simple: I _______ an omelette. Our parents ______ about the next trip. a) Had cooked a) Have think b) Has cooked b) Have thinked c) Have cooked c) Have thought My sister _______ the English exam. Miranda _______ that novel. a) Has passed a) Hasn’t read b) Passes b) Hasn’t red c) Passed c) Haven’t read Present perfect simple is used for past actions. a) True b) False 13 Unit 4: Present perfect continuous 4 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS  English grammar PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE: subject + have / has been + verb -ing Use the present perfect continuous with for and since with action verbs. U  se the present perfect continuous for actions which have been doing on very recently. They have usually just stopped. We use present perfect continuous for:  howing that something started in the past and has continued up until now. We can use S time expressions as for five minutes, since Tuesday, etc.: They have been talking for the last hour. S  howing actions which have just stopped (though the whole action can be unfinished) and have a result, which we can often see, hear, or feel, in the present (focus on action): I've been running, so I'm really hot. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I have been working haven’t been working Have I been working…? You have been working haven’t been working Have you been working…? He/She/It has been working hasn’t been working Has he/she/it been working…? We have been working haven’t been working Have we been working…? You have been working haven’t been working Have you been working…? They have been working haven’t been working Have they been working…? 15  Unit 4: Present perfect continuous EXERCISES 1. Complete with the correct form of present perfect continuous. a. Our friends __________________________ (not exercise) much lately. b. She __________________________ (not study) this last month. c. My cut __________________________ (bleed) on and off all afternoon. d. My brother and I have the flu. We __________________________ (not work) all week. e. Since the doctor told me to take lots of fluids, I __________________________ (drink) tea every hour. f. Sam and James __________________________ (not watch) TV all day. g. For three years, Charles __________________________ (suffer) from allergies. h. My sister and I __________________________ (practice) alternative medicine for a few years. 16 test yourself Choose the correct option with present perfect continuous: Shanon _______ the TV all night. a) Had been watching b) Have been watching c) Has been watching I _______ all afternoon. a) Has been studying b) Have being studying c) Have been studying We _______ for five minutes. a) Have been singing b) Have singed c) Have sung I _______ for an hour. a) Haven’t been writing b) Haven’t writing c) Haven’t written Present perfect continuous is used for condi- tional sentences. a) True b) False 17 Unit 5: Past time & present perfect simple 5 PAST TIME & PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE  English grammar PAST SIMPLE STRUCTURE REGULAR VERBS: verb + ed. IRREGULAR VERBS: verbs from the list. Use the past simple for finished past actions: They worked in a bank. For past habits and routines, usually with a time expression: Few people in Victorian times took a bath every day. U  se auxiliary + subject + infinitive or question word + auxiliary + subject + infinitive to help you with word order in questions: Where did you live? We use the auxiliary verb did in negative and interrogative statements. Negative: subject + didn’t (did not) + verb inf. Interrogative: did + subject + verb inf. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I worked didn’t work Did I work? You worked didn’t work Did you work? He/She/It worked didn’t work Did he/she/it work? We worked didn’t work Did we work? You worked didn’t work Did you work? They worked didn’t work Did they work? 1. Regular verbs are those ones that only need to add -ed after the verb to form the past simple and the past participle form: He listened to music yesterday. 2. Irregular verbs are those ones that have a different form, totally different for past simple and past participle. We must study them. He went to the doctor. 19  Unit 5: Past time & present perfect simple ATTENTION! Verb to be: AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I was wasn’t Was I…? You were weren’t Were you…? He/She/It was wasn’t Was he/she/it…? We were weren’t Were we…? You were weren’t Were you…? They were weren’t Were they…? EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in brackets. a. My brother _______________ (go) to a different school than me. b. I _______________ (do) the best report of the company. c. Melissa _______________ (walk) 10 miles yesterday! d. My teacher _______________ (ask) John the most difficult question. e. The exam _______________ (to be) very easy! f. She _______________ (not play) the match. g. _______________ you _______________ (go) to Paris last summer? h. My parents _______________ (not allow) me to go out when I was 16. i. We _______________ (to be) very little when we went to Dublin. Present perfect simple or past simple? Use present perfect simple for unfinished time and past simple for finished time. Use to show speaker attitude. U  se with different time expressions. Present perfect refers to an action over a period of time and for describes how long the period is. ATTENTION! Difference between present perfect and past simple: Use the present perfect simple when there is a connection between the past and the present.  se the past simple to ask or talk about finished actions in the past, when the time is men- U tioned or understood. We often use a part time expression (January, last week…). 20  English grammar EXERCISES 1. Complete the dialogues with the past simple or present perfect. a. A: How long _______________ at university? (you / be) B: I _______________ two years ago. I’m in my third year now. (start) A: Do you live with your parents? B: I _________________ with them for the first two years but then I ___________________ into a student hostel last September and I _______________ there since then. (live, move, live). b. A: _______________ a job? (your brother / find) B: Yes, he works in a hotel. c. A: ____________ to Nobu – that new Japanese restaurant? (you / ever / be) B: Yes, we _______________ there for my birthday. (go) A: What was it like? B: The food _______________ fantastic but it _______________ a fortune! test yourself Choose the correct option with past simple: Kelly _______ at the disco. Their friends _______ very funny. a) Danced a) Was b) Dances b) Were c) Dance c) Went I _______ to the cinema last week. _______ you do your homework? a) Go a) Did b) Gone b) Does c) Went c) Do Past simple is used for past actions. a) True b) False 21 Unit 6: Past continuous 6 PAST CONTINUOUS  English grammar PAST CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE: subject + was/were + verb -ing Use the past continuous to describe an action in progress at specific time in the past: You were reading a magazine. For a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action: I was getting ready while the doorbell rang. Two actions in the past at the same time: They were looking at the actors and listening to the dialogue. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I was working wasn’t working Was I working? You were working weren’t working Were you working? Was he/she/it He/She/It was working wasn’t working working? We were working weren’t working Were we working? You were working weren’t working Were you working? They were working weren’t working Were they working? OTHER USES OF PAST CONTINUOUS Past continuous can also be used: To emphasize that an action was still continuing. To describe a changing situation. W  ith forever, continually, always, etc. to criticize actions we feel are annoying, or which we wish to exaggerate. We do not generally use past continuous to describe habitual actions in the past. 23  Unit 6: Past continuous EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with the past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. a. Emma ___________________________ (cook) when her sister called. b. While I _____________________ (paint) the outside of the house, my sister ______________________ (read) a book. c. Last night at 8 pm I _______________ (have) dinner. d. They _______________ (drink) coffee when I arrived. e. We _______________ (go) to the cinema yesterday at this time. f. Mary _______________ (not go) to the school when the rain started. g. _______________ they _______________ (talk) when the teacher arrived? 24  English grammar test yourself Choose the correct option with past continuous: Students _______ during the weekend. a) Was studying b) Were studying c) Are studying I _______ the email. a) Was writing b) Am writing c) Wrote Magda _______ when I arrived. a) Were cooking b) Is cooking c) Was cooking Your dog _______ during the night. a) Was barking b) Barked c) Has barked Past continuous is used for continuous actions in the past. a) True b) False 25 Unit 7: Past perfect 7 PAST PERFECT  English grammar PAST PERFECT SIMPLE STRUCTURE: subject + had + past participle U  se the past perfect simple when you are talking about the past and you want to talk about an earlier past action: When they turned on the TV, the match had finished. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I had worked hadn’t worked Had I worked…? You had worked hadn’t worked Had you worked…? Had he/she/it He/She/It had worked hadn’t worked worked…? We had worked hadn’t worked Had we worked…? You had worked hadn’t worked Had you worked…? They had worked hadn’t worked Had they worked…? EXERCISES 1. Complete the following sentences in the past perfect simple tense. a. She _______________(write) six letters before she got a response. b. It ______________ always ______________ (snow) here before 1978. c. Dan _______________ (to be) sick for 3 days before he got better. d. James and Lia _______________ (try) four times before they gave up. e. My father’s old car _______________ (run) very well before he sold it. f. We _______________ (not take) this test before. g. My aunt _______________ (visit) Portugal several times in the past. h. Our father ______________ never _____________ (drive) to Florida. i. I _______________ (speak) to the president twice before, so I was not that nervous. j. The old man _______________ occasionally _______________ (need) help crossing the street. 27  Unit 7: Past perfect PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE: subject + had been + verb -ing U  se past perfect continuous to indicate a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past: I had been working in the garden all morning. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I had been working hadn’t been working Had I been working…? Had you been You had been working hadn’t been working working…? Had he/she/it been He/She/It had been working hadn’t been working working…? Had we been We had been working hadn’t been working working…? Had you been You had been working hadn’t been working working…? Had they been They had been working hadn’t been working working…? TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH Past simple: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/night/year, etc. Past continuous: as, at 7am yesterday, last week/month… when, while. Past perfect: after, already, before, by the time. Present & past youtu.be/WzIh6licyBc 28 test yourself test yourself Choose the correct option with Choose the correct option with past perfect simple: past perfect continuous: I _______ for two hours. She _______ this morning. a) Has worked a) Had been shopping b) Have worked b) Has been shopping c) Had worked c) Have been shopping She _______ the homework. I _______ the newspaper. a) Had done a) Had been reading b) Has done b) Had read c) Have done c) Had been read My workmates _______ the essay. Her father _______ tennis. a) Had written a) Had been playing b) Had write b) Has been playing c) Had wrote c) Is been playing Your friend _______ an Italian song. I _______. a) Had singed a) Hadn’t been working b) Had sing b) Haven’t been working c) Had sung c) Hadn’t working Past perfect simple is used for Past perfect continuous is used for future actions. a continuous action completed at some time in the past. a) True b) False a) True b) False 29 Unit 8: Future time. Will & going to 8 FUTURE TIME. WILL & GOING TO  English grammar FUTURE SIMPLE: WILL STRUCTURE: subject + will + infinitive Use will/won’t for factual predictions: Inflation will increase by 5% over the next months. For predictions not based on the facts or opinions about the future: I think hundreds of people will run in the marathon next month. For an immediate decision: I will phone you. Promises and offers: Don’t worry, I will lend you my jacket. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I will work won’t work Will I work? You will work won’t work Will you work? He/She/It will work won’t work Will he/she/it work? We will work won’t work Will we work? You will work won’t work Will you work? They will work won’t work Will they work? Contractions are used, so: I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, etc. FUTURE SIMPLE: BE GOING TO STRUCTURE: subject + to be + going to + infinitive Use going to for personal plans and intentions: I’m going to stay in bed all night. When the cause of a possible event is present: Look at the colour of the sky! It’s going to snow. For decisions about the future: I’ve decided I’m going to phone the police. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I am going to work am not going to work Am I going to work…? You are going to work aren’t going to work Are you going to work…? He/She/It is going to work isn’t going to work Is he/she/it going to work…? We are going to work aren’t going to work Are we going to work…? You are going to work aren’t going to work Are you going to work…? They are going to work aren’t going to work Are they going to work…? 31  Unit 8: Future time. Will & going to Will or going to? In many cases, will as a prediction can be replaced by going to, especially in everyday speech. Normally, going to cannot be replaced by will without changing the meaning. It depends on the context. EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with the future simple form will or going to. a. A: There’s no milk left! B: Oh! I _______________ some from the shop. (get) b. The population of Valencia _____________ 2 million by the year 2050. (reach) c. Mum: I told you to tidy up your room. Son: Sorry, Mum, I forgot. I _______________ after lunch. (do) d. A: Why don’t we meet for coffee on Friday morning? B: Sorry. I can’t. I _______________ the doctor then. e. “Tomorrow _______________ bright and sunny day everywhere in Spain, except in La Coruña”, said the weatherwoman. (be) f. Look at that big black cloud. I think it _______________. (rain) g. In the future, people _______________ bigger heads. (have) h. Next month I _______________ a DVD player. (buy) i. When _______________ you ______________ another party? (have) j. Oh no! I think I _______________. (sneeze) 2. Fill the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense: will. a. The house is dirty. I _______________ (clean) it on Monday. b. (Cook) _______________ you _______________ on Tuesday, please? c. It looks like the washer is broken. I _______________ (ask) a repair man to come Wednesday. d. Okay then, our group _______________ (meet) on Thursday. e. _______________ you _______________ (come) with us on Friday? f. If necessary, we _______________ (carry) the supplies in our car on Saturday. g. John and Kanye, _______________ you _______________ (read) to the chil- dren on Sunday? 32  English grammar test yourself test yourself Choose the correct option with Choose the correct option with future will: future going to: I think it _______. This Saturday I _______ to the a) Will rain mountain. b) Going to rain a) Will going c) Is raining b) Will going to go c) Am going to go I _______ a coke. a) Will be drinking When I arrive at home, I _______ TV. b) Will be drink a) Am going watching c) Will drink b) Am going to watched c) Am going to watch Your mother _______ at home. a) Will be Next weekend, Katy _______ a match. b) Is going to be a) Is going to play c) Is going been b) Are going to play Mary _______ to France. c) Has going to play a) Will going They _______ a pizza for dinner. b) Will goes a) Are going have c) Will go b) Are going to have Future will is used for spontaneous c) Are going to had decisions. Future going to is used for a) True arranged plans. b) False a) True b) False 33 Unit 9: Future continuous, future perfect simple & future perfect continuous 9 FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE  FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS &  English grammar FUTURE CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE: subject + will be + verb -ing Use the future continuous to focus on the process during a future action. Events that have already been arranged for a future date: The Rolling Stones will be performing in Madrid in July. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I will be working won’t be working Will I be working? You will be working won’t be working Will you be working? He/She/It will be working won’t be working Will he/she/it be working? We will be working won’t be working Will we be working? You will be working won’t be working Will you be working? They will be working won’t be working Will they be working? EXERCISES 1. Write the correct form of the future continuous tense using will. a. I _______________ (to do) my homework tomorrow. b. Well, I guess we _______________ (to ride) the bus to work next week. c. He _______________ (to eat) roast beef for dinner. d. At 7:30 tonight, I _______________ (to watch) a movie. e. I hope it _______________ (to rain) at this time tomorrow. f. Jane _______________ not _______________ (to quit) her job on Monday. g. My sister _______________ probably _______________ (to go) to camp this summer. 35  Unit 9: Future continuous, future perfect simple & future perfect continuous FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE STRUCTURE: subject + will have + participle U  se future perfect to focus on the result, after a future action is completed. It refers to a completed action in the future. It is most often used with a time expression: She will have been in Toledo for 7 months on July 21st. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I will have worked won’t have worked Will I have worked…? You will have worked won’t have worked Will you have worked…? He/She/It will have worked won’t have worked Will he/she/it have worked…? We will have worked won’t have worked Will we have worked…? You will have worked won’t have worked Will you have worked…? They will have worked won’t have worked Will they have worked…? EXERCISES 1. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in future perfect simple. a. Before the store opens, the employees _______________ (prepare) for the sale. b. By the time the treasure hunt begins, Susan _______________ (hide) all the clues. c. The housekeeper _______________ (clean) the house when the guests arrive. d. You can touch the walls tomorrow. The paint _______________ (dry) by then. e. By Tuesday, the roofers _______________ (finish) laying the tiles. f. Jason and Sam _______________ (buy) a house before they move to London in July. g. Let’s watch TV at 8:00 pm. By then, the news _______________ (end). 36  English grammar FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE: subject + will have been + verb -ing U  se the future perf. continuous to describe actions that will continue up until a point in the future: At two o’clock, she’ll have been waiting for five hours. It is most often used with a time expression. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I Will have been Won’t have been Will I have been working working working…? You Will have been Won’t have been Will you have been working working working…? He/She/It Will have been Won’t have been Will he/she/it have working working been working…? We Will have been Won’t have been Will we have been working working working…? You Will have been Won’t have been Will you have been working working working…? They Will have been Won’t have been Will they have been working working working…? ATTENTION! There are some other ways to talk about the future without using future verb tenses. Present continuous: it is the most common way to talk about arrangements: I’m seeing Sarah tomorrow. Present simple: we can also use the present simple to talk about future events which are part of a timetable or a regular schedule: The train leaves in five minutes. Other ways of expressing future arrangements: Be due to + infinitive can be used to say that something is arranged or expected. My sister is due to arrive at 7.30 at the station. Be about to + infinitive to say that something is going to happen very soon. My sister is about to have a baby. Be + to + infinitive in a formal style to talk about official plans and arrangements. It has been announced that the chancellor is to visit France next month. 37  Unit 9: Future continuous, future perfect simple & future perfect continuous EXERCISES 1. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in Future parentheses in future perfect continuous. youtu.be/s8GhHLkEqEc a. This spring, the twins _______________ (attend) culinary school for two years. b. By 2021, our city _______________ (recover) from the hurricane for ten years. c. When it closes next week, the furniture store _______________ (do) business since 1980. d. By tomorrow morning, it _______________ (snow) for four days without stopping! e. Aunt Jane _______________ (cook) breakfast for about an hour when we get up. f. Friends of the bride _______________ (decorate) the banquet hall before the reception begins. g. Mankind _______________ (print) books by machine for around 600 years by the year 2034. test yourself Choose the correct option with future continuous: During the next hour, I _______ a This weekend we _______ to the book. beach. a) Will be reading a) Will be go b) Will been read b) Will been going c) Will be read c) Will be going Mark _______ TV tonight. My brother _______ all weekend. a) Is going to watching a) Is studying b) Is watching b) Has studying c) Will be watching c) Will be studying Future continuous is used for spontaneous decisions. a) True b) False 38 39 Unit 10: Adverbs & adjectives. Yet, still, already, for & since 10 ADVERBS & ADJECTIVES. YET, STILL,  ALREADY, FOR & SINCE  English grammar ADVERBS STRUCTURE: adjective + -ly E.g. Careful → Carefully An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs answer: how, when, where, why or to what extent – how often or how much. M  any adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb. Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs: friendly, ugly, apply, supply, and so on. TYPES OF ADVERBS Adverbs of manner → quickly, kindly… Adverbs of degree → very, rather… Adverbs of frequency → often, sometimes… Adverbs of time → now, today… Adverbs of place → here, nowhere… EXERCISES 1. Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb. a. Mary is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house ____________. b. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us _______________. c. Jim is a wonderful guitar player. He plays the guitar _______________. d. Her English is fluent. She speaks English ___________. e. The exam is simple. You _______________ have to put one word in each space. f. Joanne is happy. She smiles _______________. 41  Unit 10: Adverbs & adjectives. Yet, still, already, for & since ADJECTIVES Adjectives are words that describe people, places and things. They give us extra informa- tion about something, and they modify nouns. They do not change their form depending on the gender or number of the noun: This is a big house. / These are big houses. They normally go in front of a noun or after a linking verb: to be, become, seem... When we have more than one adjective, the usual order is: Opinion Size Shape Age Color Origin Material Purpose A good, big, thin, new, white, American, plastic, shopping bag. EXERCISES 1. Choose the correct option, adverb or adjective. a. It was a dangerously / dangerous lake to swim. b. Her voice sounds beautifully / beautiful. c. She is a very shyly / shy person. d. Anna knows the material very good / well. e. You must send payments regularly / regular. f. She worked carefully / careful with the sick child. g. The exam wasn’t easily / easy. 42  English grammar YET & STILL & ALREADY Yet, still and already are adverbs we use to add time references to our sentences. Already means that something happened before now or sooner than expected (affirmative sentences): I have already been in Paris. Still means that something did not happen before now, and for situations that continue to the present time (affirmative and negative sentences): I still haven’t visited Paris. Yet means that something expected hasn’t happened (negative sentences): I haven’t visited Paris yet. EXERCISES 1. Complete with: yet, still or already. a. She _____________ doesn’t understand the rules! b. I’m _______________ married. c. I don’t want children _______________. d. I _______________ don’t have a mortgage. e. I’ve _______________ read that book. f. I _______________ live with my parents. FOR  e use for to talk about the duration – how long something has been happening. For is W always used in the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous: I have been living in London for two years. We use for with a period of time, such as: seconds, minutes, hours, weeks, years, and so on. We also use for with expressions of time, such as: ages, a long time, too long, and so on. 43  Unit 10: Adverbs & adjectives. Yet, still, already, for & since SINCE We use since to talk about the starting point or the beginning. Since is always used in the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous (like for): I have been living in London since 2015.  e always use since with a specific point in time, such as: yesterday, last week, this mor- W ning, 09:45 am, September, and so on. SUMMARY FOR + a length of time SINCE + a point in time in the past EXERCISES 1. Complete with for or since. a. We’ve been waiting for the bus _______________ over an hour. b. I’ve been living in Spain _______________ 1995. c. Our boss hasn’t come to the office ____________ three days now. d. My brother has been stronger than me ___________ 3 years. e. American soldiers have been in Korea ___________ 1950. f. They’ve played Minecraft _________ 3 hours today. 44 test yourself Choose the correct option: They _______ to work by train. a) Allways go b) Always go c) Go always She _______ her room on Mondays. a) Often clean b) Cleans often c) Often cleans Our teacher _______ busy. a) Are often b) Is often c) Often is I _______ home before 5pm. a) Never get b) Never gets c) Get never What do the following adjectives express? big, little, small, huge, large and tiny a) Colour b) Size c) Purpose d) Shape e) Origin f) Opinion g) Material h) Age 45 Unit 11: Connectors 11 CONNECTORS  English grammar CONNECTORS Connectors or linkers are words or expressions which we use to establish different types of relationships between words or sentences. They link different ideas and give coherence to the text or speech. TYPE OF CONNECTORS CONNECTOR But However Nevertheless / Nonetheless (Al)though / Even though On the one hand/On the other hand In spite of/Despite + CONTRAST noun or-ing / Despite the fact that… In contrast to/with As opposed to On the contrary Instead of The former… the latter… Whereas Furthermore As well as Apart from this Also Besides ADDITION Additionally On top of that Moreover Too CAUSE & Therefore As a result Consequently As a consequence EFFECT Hence Thus Because COMPA- Likewise, Similarly In the same way In comparison RISON In fact, Indeed As a matter of fact That is Essentially EMPHASIS Fortunately Inevitably EXAMPLE For example, For instance As shown Such as Like First, second… Then Next Now Further Continuing ORDERING Finally After Before SUMMARI- In conclusion In general To sum up To conclude In short SING In my opinion/view From my point of view As / The way I see it OPINION As far as I’m concerned I think / believe / guess /consider + (that) + sentence That is (to say) In other words, PURPOSE or To + infinitive In order (not) to + infinitive AIM So as (not) to + infinitive So that + sentence For + gerund FACTS As a matter of fact, In fact Actually 47  Unit 11: Connectors EXERCISES 1. Choose the right connector. Connectors or linkers youtu.be/R9PP4PhwsKc a. I never eat vegetables because of / even though / for I know they’re healthy. b. I’m really hungry because / though / so that I had a big breakfast. c. There are few hotels. However, / Though, / Besides, we were lucky, and we found a room. d. We were disappointed because the art gallery was closed and the museum as well / also / although. e. She was quite nervous, so / despite / however she didn’t do very well. f. He got the job despite / however / because not having much experience. 48 test yourself Choose the correct connector: She failed the English exam, _______ I like eBooks, _______ I prefer paper she studied very hard. books. a) Although a) Because b) Moreover b) But c) In spite of c) Too I understood him, _______ his accent. You don’t need to go _______ you a) Nevertheless want to. b) However a) Unless c) In spite of b) So that c) Indeed Is that sentence correct? I had lunch despite of not feeling hungry. a) Correct b) Wrong 49 Unit 12: Comparatives & superlatives 12 COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES  English grammar COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES We change adjectives and adverbs to say that a person, a thing or an action has more or less of a quality than another. We put more or less before long adjectives/adverbs and add -er to short forms. LONG FORMS: intelligent, interesting, beautiful, independent, etc. ◦ She’s more intelligent than him. ◦ London is more expensive than Edinburgh. ◦ This test is less difficult than the last one. ◦ Flying is more comfortable than going by train. SHORT FORMS: small, big, slow, ugly, etc. ◦ He’s slower than a snail. ◦ Trains are faster than cars. ◦ My sister is taller than me. ◦ I should practice more often. SUPERLATIVES We can use adjectives and adverbs to say that people or things and actions have the most or least of a quality. We put the most or the least before long forms and add -est to short forms. LONG FORMS: intelligent, interesting, beautiful, independent, etc. ◦ She’s the most intelligent person. ◦ New York is the most expensive city in the world. ◦ It’s the least dangerous animal. ◦ This book is the least difficult to understand. SHORT FORMS: small, big, slow, ugly, etc. ◦ He’s the tallest person in our family. ◦ Plains are the fastest. ◦ This bag is the smallest in the shop. ◦ That’s the simplest question of all. ATTENTION! There are some irregular comparative adjectives / adverbs: ADJECTIVE / ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Good Better (The) best Bad Worse (The) worst Far Further / farther (The) furthest / farthest Little Less (The) least Much More (The) most 51  Unit 12: Comparatives & superlatives ◦ Yesterday was the worst day of my life. ◦ You play the guitar better than me. ◦ How much further do we have to walk? ◦ Anna is my best friend. If the word ends: consonant-vowel-consonant, the last consonant is usually doubled in the comparative. ◦ Big → Bigger ◦ Hot → Hotter Change the -y to -ier. ◦ Easy → Easier ◦ Happy → Happier EQUATIVES Equatives are marked by as … as or not as … as. We use adjectives and adverbs in equatives to say that a person, thing, or action is similar (or not) to another in some way. ◦ She’s as tall as her father. ◦ I’m as hungry as a horse. ◦ The van was as big as a house. ◦ He’s not as young as he looks. We sometimes use not so … as for the negative: ◦ He’s not so arrogant as he used to be. EXERCISES 1. Write the comparative of the following sentences. Comparatives & a. I can’t carry my suitcase. It’s much _____________ superlatives adjectives (heavy) than yours. youtu.be/vrDQAcAamWQ b. Mountains are _______________ (high) than hills. c. He got a very good mark on his exam. The exam was _______________ (easy) than he had expected. d. I think that good health is _______________ (impor- tant) than money. e. In Canada, January is _______________ (cold) than March. f. Our apartment is _______________ (good) than yours. g. I don’t understand this lesson. It is ____________ (difficult) than the last one we did. 52  English grammar EXERCISES 2. Write the superlative of the following sentences. a. Yesterday was ___________ (cold) day of the year. b. The Nile is ___________ (large) river in the world. c. I’ve bought _______________ (expensive) car. d. Marie is ________ (lucky) person I know. She has won the lottery four times! e. My dinner only cost $10. That must be _______ (cheap) restaurant in town. f. Sarah is _______________ (bad) basketball player of the team. g. Mount Everest is _______________ (high) mountain in the world. 3. Write the equative of the following sentences. a. Lemon is _______________ (sweet) orange. b. Tigers are _______________ (dangerous) lions. c. My house is _______________ (tall) a skyscraper. d. France is _____________ (beautiful) Switzerland. e. Train is _______________ (not fast) airplane. f. Bicycle is _____________ (expensive) motorcycle. g. Algebra is _______________ (difficult) geometry. test yourself Choose the comparative of: Choose the superlative of: Young Comfortable a) Youngest a) The most comfortable b) Younger b) The more comfortable c) Youngen c) The comfortablest Small Large a) Smallest a) The larger b) Smaller b) The largest c) Smallerer c) The larguest Good Big a) Gooder a) The biggest b) Goodest b) The biggerest c) Better c) Bigger Interesting Bad a) Interestinger a) The worse b) More interesting b) The badest c) Interester c) The worst 53 Unit 13: Prepositions 13 PREPOSITIONS  English grammar PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are words that usually stand in front of a noun, noun phrase or pronoun connec- ting it to another word or element in the clause. Prepositions are single words such as at, from, in, of and on or phrases such as in front of, next to and out of. We can use prepositions with noun phrases when we describe people and things or when we provide additional infor- mation about an action or situation such as the time or place. The most frequently used prepositions are: PREPOSITIONS OF TIME English Usage Example On Monday Days of the week On November 22nd On Dates O  n my birthday, on New Special days Year’s Eve Months / seasons In August / in winter Time of day In the morning In Year In 2006 Centuries In the 20th century After a certain period of time (when?) In an hour For night At night For weekend At the weekend At A certain point of time (when?) At half past nine Clock times At 7:30 am Festivals At Christmas, at Easter Since From a certain point of time (past till now) Since 1980 For Over a certain period of time (past till now) For 2 years Ago A certain time in the past Two years ago Before Earlier than a certain point of time Before 2004 To Telling the time Ten to six (5:50) Past Telling the time Ten past six (6:10) M  arking the beginning and end of a period of To / till / until From Monday to / till Friday time I n the sense of how long something is going He is on holiday until Till / until to last Friday I will be back by 6 o’clock In the sense of at the latest By B  y 11 o'clock, I had read Up to a certain time five pages 55  PREPOSITIONS Unit 13: Prepositions OF PLACE (position and direction) English Usage Example Room, building, street, town, country In the kitchen, in London Book, paper, etc. In the book In Car, taxi In the car, in a taxi Picture, world In the picture, in the world Meaning next to, by an object At the door, at the station For table At the table At For events At a concert, at the party P  lace where you are to do something typical A  t the cinema, at school, (watch a film, study, work) at work Attached The picture on the wall For a place with a river London lies on the Thames Being on a surface On the table On For a certain side (left, right) On the left For a floor in a house On the first floor For public transport On the bus, on a plane For television, radio On TV, on the radio By, next to, Jane is standing by / next Left or right of somebody or something beside to / beside the car O  n the ground, lower than (or covered by) Under The bag is under the table something else T  he fish is below the Below Lower than something else but above ground surface Covered by something else Put a jacket over your shirt Meaning more than Over 16 years of age Over Getting to the other side (also across) Walk over the bridge Overcoming an obstacle Climb over the wall Higher than something else, but not directly Above A path above the lake over it Getting to the other side (also over) Walk across the bridge Across Getting to the other side Swim across the lake Something with limits on top, bottom and Through Drive through the tunnel the sides Movement to person or building Go to the cinema To Movement to a place or country Go to London / Ireland For bed Go to bed G  o into the kitchen / the Into Enter a room / a building house M  ovement in the direction of something (but Go 5 steps towards the Towards not directly to it) house Onto Movement to the top of something Jump onto the table From In the sense of where from A flower from the garden 56  English grammar OTHER IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS English Usage Example From Who gave it A present from Jane Who/what does it belong to A page of the book Of What does it show The picture of a palace By Who made it A book by Mark Twain Walking or riding on horseback On foot, on horseback On Entering a public transport vehicle Get on the bus In Entering a car / taxi Get in the car Off Leaving a public transport vehicle Get off the train Out of Leaving a car / taxi Get out of the taxi P rices have risen by 10 Rise or fall of something By percent Travelling (other than walking or horse-riding) By car, by bus At For age She learned Russian at 45 About For topics, meaning what about We were talking about you EXERCISES 1. Complete the following sentences using at, by, for or in. a. He sent a copy of his document to his bank ____ safe keeping. b. The house is to be sold ____ auction. c. There has been a sharp increase ____ house prices in recent months. d. She takes great pride ____ her work. e. Do you know of a cure ____ baldness? f. I’m sorry, but I’m not ____ liberty to tell you anymore. g. Did she give you any reason ____ her behaviour? 57  Unit 13: Prepositions EXERCISES 2. Complete the following sentences using at, about or against. a. I don’t know his exact age; I can only guess _________ how old he really is. b. Tall people are definitely _________ an advantage at a football match. c. After the war, several people were tried for crimes _________ humanity. d. It is possible to insure yourself _________ nuclear attack? e. Today I feel really miserable, because I cannot find anything to complain _________. f. At school today, we had a long discussion _________ the best way to learn a foreign language. g. Raise the gun to your shoulder, aim _________ the target, and try not to kill anyone. EXERCISES 3. Complete the following sentences using in, into, on or over. For & since youtu.be/QiZh8VYC-wQ a. Do you take pride _________ your appearance, or are you just vain? b. Father must be _________ a bad temper. c. All forms of travel are expensive nowadays, but, _________ balance, air travel offers the best value for money. d. There’s no point in getting upset _________ things that are beyond your control. e. I am a bit weak _________ science subjects, but I am trying to improve. f. I’ve been _________ your essay, and I wore out three red pens making corrections. g. Make yourself a drink while I go and slip _______ something more comfortable. 58  English grammar test yourself Choose the correct preposition: They live together _______ an old house. a) On b) At c) In She walked _______ the street. a) Across b) During c) By I like to walk _______ the lake. a) Around b) In c) For Russia is the biggest country _______ the world. a) On b) In c) At Which kind of prepositions are the following ones: in, on, under, in front of, behind and next to a) Movement b) Time c) Agent d) Place 59 Unit 14: Phrasal verbs 14 PHRASAL VERBS  English grammar PHRASAL VERBS A phrasal verb it’s a phrase that’s made up of a verb and another word, usually a preposition or an adverb. Phrasal verbs change completely the meaning of the verb, based on the prepo- sition that follows them, and they are very important in everyday conversations. This is a list of some phrasal verbs and the translation into Spanish, but there are many more: Add up: calcular una suma. Back up: apoyar. Break down: estropear (vehículo, máquina…) / molestarse, ponerse triste. Break in: interrumpir. Break up: terminar una relación / reírse. Break out: escapar (de la cárcel). Bring about: hacer que suceda algo. Bring it on: aceptar un reto. Bring on: ser la causa de algo, normalmente negativo. Bring up: cuidar de un niño hasta que crece / mencionar algo. Call off: cancelar algo. Call on: visitar a alguien / usar el conocimiento de alguien. Carry out: llevar a cabo. Catch up (with): encontrar a alguien. Check in: registrarse. Cheer on: animar a alguien con palabras de ánimo. Come across: encontrarse a alguien por casualidad. Come down (with a disease): contraer una enfermedad en concreto. Come up (with something): tener una idea. Come up against: encontrarse con algo inesperadamente difícil. Come up with: ocurrirse (una idea, solución...). Come up: cuando algo pasa inesperadamente. Cool off: bajar la temperatura. Cope with: manejar una situación. Cover up: esconder la verdad. Cut down: reducir. Do up: decorar o mejorar el aspecto de algo. Drop off: dejar a alguien en un sitio. Dry out: evaporar agua. Face up to: enfrentarse a una dificultad. Fall in (love): enamorarse. 61  Unit 14: Phrasal verbs Fall out of (love): desenamorarse. Find out: averiguar. Get along: llevarse bien. Get away with: evitar el castigo por algo que se ha hecho. Get back: volver. Get back to: responder más tarde. Get better: mejorar de una enfermedad. Get by (on): afrontar vivir en una situación de pocos recursos económicos. Get lost: perder el camino, perderse. Get on: subir al transporte público. Get on with: llevarse bien con alguien. Get over: superar. Get to: llegar. Get up: levantarse (de la cama). Give up: dejar un hábito. Go in for: hacer algo con entusiasmo. Grow up: crecer, convertirse en adulto. Hurry up: darse prisa. Join in: participar. Let (someone) off: declarar inocente a alguien. Look after: cuidar de alguien. Look up to: respetar. Make up: inventar. Pass away: morir. Pass out: perder la consciencia / distribuir. Pick up (someone): recoger a alguien. Plug in: conectar, normalmente, hablando de electricidad. Point out: señalar. Run out (of): no tener más existencias de algo. Set off / set out: empezar una jornada o actividad. Set up: fundar, establecer. Split up: terminar una relación. Stay up: permanecer despierto hasta tarde. Take away: llevar una cosa de un punto a otro. Take back: devolver una cosa a su lugar. Take off: despegar un avión. Think (it) over: reflexionar. 62  English grammar Turn into: transformar. Turn on / off: encender / apagar. Turn out: ocurrir de manera diferente a lo esperado. Turn up: llegar o aparecer. Turn sth over: considerar. Turn sth down: rechazar. Wake up: despertarse. Warm up: calentar (ejercicio de calentamiento). Work out: hacer ejercicio / tener éxito. test yourself Choose the correct phrasal verb: When do you usually _______? a) Get on b) Get up c) Get in It’s very hard to _______ children. a) Bring into b) Bring to c) Bring up The motorbike _______ in our way home. a) Broke in b) Broke into c) Broke down These orders must be _______ without delay. a) Carried out b) Carried up c) Carried by Phrasal verbs modify the meaning of the main verb. a) True b) False 63 Unit 15: Conditionals. Zero, first, second & third 15 CONDITIONALS. ZERO, FIRST,  SECOND & THIRD  English grammar CONDITIONALS Zero conditional If + subject + present simple, … subject + present simple Use zero conditional when you want to express general truths / facts: ◦ If you heat ice, it melts. ◦ If it rains, the grass gets wet. ATTENTION! If and when have the same meaning in the zero conditional: ◦ If/When I look after plants, they die. First conditional If + subject + present simple, … subject + will/won’t + infinitive Use first conditional to talk about possible or likely future result. T  o talk about things that are possible, but not certain. The main clause says what we think the result will be in this situation. ◦ If you come early, you will get a parking space. ◦ If I see her, I will tell her. ATTENTION! Unless = if... not ◦ I won’t go unless she invites me. = I won’t go if she doesn’t invite me. We can use might instead of will in the main clause to mean will perhaps. Second conditional If + subject + past simple, … subject + would/wouldn’t + infinitive 65  Unit 15: Conditionals. Zero, first, second & third U  se second conditional to talk about hypothetical/imaginary situation in the present or future and its consequence. We often use it to talk about the opposite of what is true or real. ◦ If I had more money, I would buy a bigger house. ◦ I wouldn’t do that job unless they paid me a really good salary. ◦ If he won the lottery, he would buy a car. To talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it is not true. ◦ If I had her number, I would call him. (But it is not possible because I don’t have her number). ATTENTION! We can use could instead of would in the main clause to talk about ability or possibility. We can use might instead of would in the main clause to mean would perhaps. Third conditional If + subject + had + past participle, … subject + would/wouldn’t + have + past participle U  se third conditional to talk about hypothetical/imaginary situation in the past (which didn’t happen) and its consequence. ◦ If I had gone to the party, I would have met your friend. ◦ If the ship hadn’t hit an iceberg, it wouldn’t have sunk. ATTENTION! We can also use could, should, might and may in the main clause to mean would perhaps. ◦ If Shakespeare had lived longer, he might have written poesy. CONDITIONAL FORM Zero If + present simple, … present simple Conditional First If + present simple, … will/won’t + infinitive Conditional Second If + past simple, … would/wouldn’t + infinitive Conditional Third If + had + past participle, … would/wouldn’t + have + past participle Conditional 66  English grammar EXERCISES 1. Complete the sentences with zero conditional: a. If you ___________ (pour) oil on water, it ___________ (float). b. If you ___________ (freeze) water, it ___________ (turn) into ice. c. If you (mix) flour and water, you ___________ (get) dough. d. If you ___________ (smoke), your skin ___________ (age) more quickly. e. If I ___________ (eat) too much chocolate, I ___________ (feel) sick. f. If she ___________ (come) home very late, her parents ___________ (get) very angry. EXERCISES 2. Complete the sentences with first conditional: a. If I ___________ (to be) hungry, I ___________ (make) a sandwich. b. She ___________ (marry) him if he ___________ (ask) her. c. If she ___________ (go) to the party, she ___________ (take) a present. d. If Sarah ___________ (lonely), she ___________ (call) some friends. e. If I ___________ (miss) the bus, I ___________ (to be) late for work. f. If you ___________ (not move), the bee ___________ (not sting) you. 67  Unit 15: Conditionals. Zero, first, second & third EXERCISES 3. Complete the sentences with second conditional: a. If she ___________________ healthier food, she ___________________ (lose) weight. b. If he __________________ (drive) more carefully, he ______________ (have) fewer accidents. c. If I __________________ (study) harder, I ___________________ (pass) the exam. d. If she ___________________ (do) her homework every day, she _____________ (get) better marks. e. I ___________________ (buy) a new car if I ___________________ (have) more money. f. If she ___________________ (lose) her ring, she ___________________ (to be) upset. EXERCISES 4. Complete the sentences with third conditional: a. If you ___________________ (go) to the party, I ___________________ (go) too. b. I ___________________ (not stay) at that hotel if you __________________ (recommend) it to me. c. If I ___________________ (not take) my umbrella, I ___________________ (get) very wet. d. If I ___________________ (plan) a trip to France, I _________________ (try) to learn some French. e. I ___________________ (not go) to the movie if I ___________________ (know) it was scary. f. If they ___________________ (to be) more organised, they ___________________ (not to be) so stressed at the last minute. 68 test yourself Choose the type of conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have gone to California. a) First conditional b) Second conditional c) Third conditional If I have enough money, I will go to California. a) First conditional b) Second conditional c) Third conditional If I had enough money, I would go to California. a) First conditional b) Second conditional c) Third conditional Which type of conditional expresses general truths or scientific facts? a) Zero conditional b) First conditional c) Second conditional d) Third conditional 69 Unit 16: Mixed conditionals 16 MIXED CONDITIONALS  English grammar MIXED CONDITIONALS When a conditional clause combines two different types of conditional structures, we talk about mixed conditionals. We use them when the two parts of a conditional sentence refer to different times and they show only unreal situations. There are a lot of combinations, but we are going to focus on the most common ones: STRUCTURE: If + past perfect / would + infinitive T  HIRD / SECOND CONDITIONAL → To contrast an