Flooring Systems PDF

ARC 180: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 - ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FLOORING SYSTEMS GROUP 4 : ABROGAR, LEXTER - PPT BACANI, BEA NICOLE - PPT CERA, ALMA SHANE - REPORTER SEBASTIAN, DEBBIE ANNE - REPORTER MAGALONG, ANGELO - EDITOR What are Floor Systems? Floor systems transfer loads horizon...

ARC 180: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5 - ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FLOORING SYSTEMS GROUP 4 : ABROGAR, LEXTER - PPT BACANI, BEA NICOLE - PPT CERA, ALMA SHANE - REPORTER SEBASTIAN, DEBBIE ANNE - REPORTER MAGALONG, ANGELO - EDITOR What are Floor Systems? Floor systems transfer loads horizontally to beams, columns, or loadbearing walls. Types of Loads Supported by Floor Systems live loads people furnishing movable equipment dead loads weight of the floor construction itself Key Materials in Floor Systems 1. CONCRETE 2. STEEL 3. WOOD Precast concrete Steel beams Wood beams planks may be support steel support supported by decking or structural beams or precast planking or loadbearing concrete decking. walls. planks. What are Concrete Beams? Reinforced concrete beams act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Beams REINFORCING BARS Reinforcing bars extend into and down column support for structural continuity and to develop the required embedment length for anchorage. Types of Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Beams 1. TOP BAR Top bars are longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam subject to the upward bending of a negative moment. Types of Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Beams 2. BOTTOM BAR Top bars are longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam subject to the upward bending of a negative moment. Types of Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Beams 3. BENT BARS Bent bars are longitudinal bars bent to an angle of 30° or more with the axis of a concrete beam, perpendicular to and intersecting the cracking that could occur from diagonal tension. Types of Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Beams 4. Stirrups STIRRUPS are any of the U-shaped or closed-loop bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcement of a concrete beam to resist the vertical component of diagonal tension Types of Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Beams 5. HOOKS Hooks are bends given to the end of tension bars to develop an equivalent embedment length for anchorage. A standard hook is a 90°, 135°, or 180° bend at the end of the bar. What are Concrete Slabs? Concrete slabs are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay. Types of Concrete Slabs 1. ONE-WAY SLAB A one-way slab is uniformly thick, reinforced in one direction, and cast integrally with parallel supporting beams. Types of Concrete Slabs 2. ONE-WAY JOIST SLAB A joist or ribbed slab is cast integrally with a series of closely spaced joists, which are supported by a parallel set of beams. Types of Concrete Slabs 3. TWO-WAY SLAB AND A two-way slab of uniform BEAM thickness may be reinforced in two directions and cast integrally with supporting beams and columns on all four sides of square bays. Types of Concrete Slabs 4. TWO-WAY WAFFLE SLAB A waffle slab is a two-way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions. These can carry heavier loads and span longer distances than flat slabs. Types of Concrete Slabs 5. TWO-WAY FLAT PLATE A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or more directions and supported directly by columns without beams or girders. Types of Concrete Slabs 6. TWO-WAY FLAT SLAB A flat slab is a flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase its shear strength and moment-resisting capacity. What is Prestressed Concrete? Prestressed concrete is reinforced by pre-tensioning or post-tensioning high- strength steel tendons within their elastic limit. Two Types of Prestressing Techniques 1. PRE-TENSIONING 2. POST-TENSIONING Pre-tensioning prestresses Post-tensioning is the a concrete member by prestressing of a concrete stretching the reinforcing member by tensioning the tendons before the reinforcing tendons after concrete is cast. the concrete has set. Pre-tensioning Process 1.Steel tendons are first stretched across the casting bed between two abutments until a predetermined tensile force is developed. Pre-tensioning Process 2. Concrete is then cast in formwork around the stretched tendons and fully cured. The tendons are placed eccentrically in order to reduce the maximum compressive stress to that produced by bending alone. Pre-tensioning Process 3. When the tendons are cut or released, the tensile stresses in the tendons are transferred to the concrete through bond stresses. The eccentric action of the prestressing produces a slight upward curvature or camber in the member. Pre-tensioning Process 4. The deflection of the member under loading tends to equalize its upward curvature. Post-tensioning Process 1.Unstressed steel tendons, draped inside the beam or slab form, are coated or sheathed to prevent bonding while the concrete is cast. Post-tensioning Process 2. After the concrete has cured, the tendons are clamped on one end and jacked against the concrete on the other end until the required force is developed. Post-tensioning Process 3. The tendons are then securely anchored on the jacking end and the jack removed. After the post-tensioning process, the steel tendons may be left unbonded, or they may be bonded to the surrounding concrete by injecting grout into the annular spaces around the sheathed strands. Post-tensioning Process 4. The deflection of the member under loading tends to equalize its upward curvature. What are Precast Concrete Floor Systems? Precast Concrete Floor Systems involve units that are cast and steam-cured in a plant off-site, transported to the construction site, and set in place as rigid components with cranes. Precast Concrete Units 1. SOLID FLAT SLABS 2. HOLLOW CORE SLABS Precast Concrete Units 3. SINGLE TEES 4. DOUBLE TEES Precast Concrete Units 5. RECTANGULAR BEAMS 6. L-SHAPED BEAMS 7. INVERTED TEE BEAMS Precast Concrete Units 8. AASHTO Girders What is Structural Steel Framing? Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story buildings to skyscrapers. Types of Beams Systems 1. ONE-WAY BEAM SYSTEM This system is suitable for long, narrow buildings, especially when a column- free space is desired. Each pair of external columns supports a long-spanning beam or girder. Types of Beams Systems 2. TWO-WAY BEAM A two-layer system SYSTEM increases floor depth considerably but provides more space for mechanical services. Types of Beams Systems 3. TRIPLE BEAM SYSTEM When a large, column free space is required, long spanning plate girders or trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which supports a layer of secondary beams. What are Steel Beams? The general objective of steel beams is to use the lightest steel section that will resist bending and shear forces within allowable limits of stress and without excessive deflection for intended use. Types of Steel Beams More structurally efficient wide-flange (W) shapes have largely superseded the classic I-beam (S) shapes. Beams may also be in the form of channel (C) sections, structural tubing, or composite sections. What are Open-Web Steel Joists? Open-web steel joists are lightweight, shop- fabricated steel members having a Types of Open-Web Steel Joists 1. K SERIES JOIST 2. LH AND DH SERIES JOIST A K series joist has a web LH and DLH series joists consisting of a single bent have heavier web and bar, running in a zigzag chord members for pattern between the upper increased loads and and lower chords. spans. Floor Decks of Open-Web Joist Framing may consist of: Metal decking with concrete fill Precast concrete planks Plywood panels or wood planking  Metal Decking Metal Decking is corrugated to increase its stiffness and spanning capability. Three Major Types of Metal Decking 1.Form Decking 2.Composite Decking 3.Cellular Decking What is Form Decking? Form Decking is serves as permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete slab until the slab can upport itself and its live load What is Composite Decking? Composite Decking is serves as testile reinforcement for the concrete to slab to which it is bonded with embossed rib What is Cellular Decking? Cellular Decking Manufactured by welding corrugated sheet to a flat steel sheet. It is serve as an acoustic ceiling when a porforated cell are LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS Manufactured cold- forming steel sheets or strip steel. The resulting steel joists are lighter, more dimensionally stable, and can span longer LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS Interior Bearing LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS Interior Bearing  LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS Exterior Bearing  LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS Exterior Bearing  LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL JOISTS Floor Projections and Openings  WOOD JOISTS Wood joists floor are an essential subsystem of wood light frame construction.  WOOD JOISTS Because of wood light framing is combustible, it must rely on finish flooring and ceiling materials The susceptibility of wood light framing to decay and insect infestation requires positive site drainage, adequate separation from the ground,appropriate of pressured lumber and WOOD JOISTS WOOD JOISTS WOOD JOISTS  WOOD JOISTS Rule of thumb estimating joists depth: span/16 Joists deflection should not exceed 1/360 th of span The striffness of the joists framing under stress is more critical than WOOD JOISTS Bridging consists of wood and metal crossbracing or full depth blocking between joists at 8' intervals. Briding may be required by some building codes if the joists depth is 6 or more time it’s thickness. What is WOOD JOISTS FRAMING? Wood joist floor framing is a common construction method utilizing a series of horizontal beams, or joists, to support a floor's weight. These wooden joists, evenly spaced, typically run from one side of the structure to the other or  Platform Framing I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Platform framing is a construction technique predominantly used in wood- frame buildings. Each floor of the house is framed separately with studs or support posts running from the bottom of one floor to the top of the same floor. Platform Framing I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Platform Framing I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Balloon Framing I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING In balloon framing, the studs (vertical members) extend the full height of the building (usually two stories) from foundation plate to rafter plate, as contrasted with platform framing, in which each floor is framed separately. Beam Pocket I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING A beam pocket is a recessed space designed to hold the end of an intersecting beam in a concrete wall, a masonry wall, or a column. Wood Beam w/ Joists Hanger I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Joist hangers are used in construction and designed to anchor wooden beams or joists. Primarily used in roofs, decking, floors and ceilings. Wooden beams are used for the structural support during and after construction. Wooden beams can also have decorative purposes when used. Steel Beam w/ Ledger I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING A steel beam is a structural element that basically opposes loads applied along the side to the beam's axis. Its method of redirection is fundamentally by Wood Beam w/ Ledger I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Steel Beam Under Joists I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Wood Beam W/ Spliced Joists I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Non-Bearing Partition to Joists I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING A Non bearing Partition is a dividing wall that supports no vertical weight other than its own weight. Non-Bearing Partition Parallel to Joists - No Partition Below I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Bearing Partition to Joists - No Partition Below I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING There are two types of walls in a house, partition and bearing. Partition walls divide the interior space into rooms but support no weight. Bearing walls function as dividers, but they also hold up part of the house Bearing Partition Parallel to Joists I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Bearing partitions parallel to joists shall be supported on beams, girders, doubled joists, walls or other bearing partitions. Bearing Partition Parallel to Joists - No Partition Above I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Non-Bearing Partition Parallel to Joists - No Partition Above I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Floor Projection to Joists I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Floor Projection Parallel to Joists I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING Floor Opening - Length to Joists I WOOD JOISTS FRAMING WOOD SUBFLOORING Subflooring is a structural material that spans across floor joists, serves as a working platform during construction construction, and provide a base for the finish Panel Subfloor and Underlayment WOOD SUBFLOORING Gluing combined subfloor underlayment panels to the joists, enables to the panels to act together with the joists to form integral tee beam units. Prefabricated Joists and Trusses WOOD SUBFLOORING Prefabricated pre- engineered wood joists and trusses are increasingly used in the place of dimension lumber to frame floors because they are generally lighter and more dimensionally Prefabricated Joists and Trusses WOOD SUBFLOORING I-Joists I-Joists Exterior Interior Prefabricated Joists and Trusses WOOD SUBFLOORING Prefabricated Joists and Trusses WOOD SUBFLOORING Solid Sawn Lumber WOOD SUBFLOORING Solid-sawn heavy timber members are predominantly employed as the main structural elements in post and beam construction and it is oversized structural softwood lumber that is 6 inches or more in its smallest cross-sectional dimension. Solid Sawn Lumber WOOD SUBFLOORING In the selection of a wood beam the following should be considered: lumber species, structural grade, modulus of elasticity, allowable bending and shear stress values, and the minimum deflection permitted for the intended use. In addition, attention should be paid to the precise loading conditions Solid Sawn Lumber WOOD SUBFLOORING Solid Sawn Lumber WOOD SUBFLOORING Glue-Laminated Timber WOOD SUBFLOORING Glue-laminated timber (CSI MasterFormat 06 1800) is made by laminating stress-grade lumber with adhesive under controlled conditions, usually with the grain of all plies being Parallel Strand Lumber WOOD SUBFLOORING Parallel strand lumber (PSL) is a structural lumber product made by bonding long, narrow wood strands together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive. Laminated Veneer Lumber WOOD SUBFLOORING Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a structural lumber product made by bonding layers of wood veneers together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive. Wood Beam Supports WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood Beam Supports WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood Beam Supports WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood Posts Beam Connections WOOD SUBFLOORING The size and number of bolts required at a connection depend on the thickness of the members, the species of wood, the magnitude and direction of the load relative to the grain of the wood, and the use of metal connectors. Shear plate or split-ring connectors, which can develop greater stresses per unit bearing, can be used when there is insufficient area to accommodate the required number of through Wood Posts Beam Connections WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood Posts Beam Connections WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood Posts Beam Connections WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood Plank and Beam Framing WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood plank-and-beam floor systems are typically used with a supporting grid of posts or columns to form a skeleton frame structure. Using larger but fewer structural members that can span greater distances translates into potential savings in material and labor costs. Wood Plank and Beam Framing WOOD SUBFLOORING In the plank-and-beam framing system, the supporting grid of beams should be carefully integrated with the required placement of interior partitions for both structural and visual reasons. Wood Decking WOOD SUBFLOORING Wood decking consists of plywood, lumber, or glued laminated members placed over structural members to provide structural rigidity and a base for roofing or flooring. Wood Decking WOOD SUBFLOORING Types of Wood Decking Wood Decking WOOD SUBFLOORING Surface Patterns for Exposed Ceilings Wood Decking WOOD SUBFLOORING Type Of Span  THANK YOU !!! GROUP 4: LEADER - Cera, Alma Shaine MEMBERS: Abrogar, Lexter Bacani, Bea Nicole Magalong, Angelo Sebastian, Debbie Anne