BIC111 Lecture 1 - Chemistry Lecture Notes PDF

8/28/2023 Lecture 1 – August 29th, 2023 The Matter & Measurements in Chemistry Dr. Amine BAHI College...

8/28/2023 Lecture 1 – August 29th, 2023 The Matter & Measurements in Chemistry Dr. Amine BAHI College of Medicine [email protected] 1 Main Objectives  Describe the properties of the solid, liquid, and gaseous states  Provide specific examples of physical and chemical properties and/or changes  Distinguish between intensive and extensive properties  Classify matter as element, compound, or mixture  Learn the major units of measure in the English and metric systems, and be able to convert between them  Report results and data using scientific notation BIC111 - Lecture 1 2 1  8/28/2023 Stages of the Matter The 3 stages/states of the matter: Gas  particles widely separated, no definite shape or volume Liquid  particles closer together, definite volume but no definite shape Solid  particles are very close together, define shape & volume BIC111 - Lecture 1 3 Physical Property Physical property  can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter: Appearance Texture Color Odor Density Solubility … BIC111 - Lecture 1 4 2  8/28/2023 Physical Change Physical Change  produces a difference in the appearance without causing change in composition Boiling, freezing, melting, dissolving… BIC111 - Lecture 1 5 Chemical Property Chemical property  The ability to produce a change in the composition of matter Can be observed only when one substance in a sample of matter is changed into another substance Example: whenever something is burned, that substance becomes something completely different The ability to burn is a chemical property ~ amability BIC111 - Lecture 1 6 3  8/28/2023 Chemical Change Chemical change  Change of one type of matter into another type  Substance during a chemical reaction Iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust … BIC111 - Lecture 1 7 Physical vs. Chemical Properties BIC111 - Lecture 1 8 4  8/28/2023 Physical vs. Chemical Change  The rusting of metal C > -  Ice cream melting P -  Baking a Cake C > -  Mold turning bread all moldy -> C  Paper shredding  Milk going sour -  Water freezing into ice P > -  Fireworks exploding -  Hair being cut p > -  Burning wood C > -  Baking soda and vinegar C > - > - NaCl + H2O zionic bond > - formation of electrolytes - p BIC111 - Lecture 1 I by the breakage of bonds) 9 Intensive vs. Extensive Properties Physical properties of matter are categorized as either Intensive or Extensive. Intensive Property  independent of the amount and/or quantity of matter present. Depend only on the chemical composition/structure of particles (intensive  internal) If a gallon & a cup of milk are each at 20°C, when they are combined, the T° still #- 20°C intensive BIC111 - Lecture 1 10 5  8/28/2023 Intensive vs. Extensive Properties  Color  Odor  Luster  How shiny a substance is  Malleability  The ability of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets  Conductivity  The ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or electricity  Hardness  How easily a substance can be scratched  Melting/Freezing Point  The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure BIC111 - Lecture 1 11 Intensive vs. Extensive Properties Extensive Property  dependent on the amount and/or quantity of matter present. Depend only on the number of particles (extensive  external) > - something that can be mesured A gallon of milk has a larger mass and volume than a cup of milk BIC111 - Lecture 1 12 6  8/28/2023 Matter Composition & Classification de BIC111 - Lecture 1 13 Matter Composition & Classification Pure substance  defined as substances that are made of only one type of atom or only one type of molecule BIC111 - Lecture 1 14 7  8/28/2023 Matter Composition & Classification Element/simple substance  can’t be changed into a simpler form of matter by chemical reactions. They don’t decompose into simpler pure substances Ex. Oxygen, Gold, & Sulphur are simple substances because they don’t decompose following chemical reaction BIC111 - Lecture 1 15 Matter Composition & Classification esynthesis Compound  a substance resulting from the combination ~ of two or more elements. Substances that decompose into simpler pure substances by chemical reactions Ex. Water is a compound because it is decomposed into H & O2. Salt, sugar & copper sulphate are compounds too BIC111 - Lecture 1 16 8  8/28/2023 Matter Composition & Classification Mixture  two or more substances in which each substance retains its own identity, no chemical reaction. BIC111 - Lecture 1 17 Matter Composition & Classification Homogenous  uniform composition which have the same properties throughout the mixture. Particles are well mixed and can be called dissolution Ex. Sugar dissolved in water; Salt dissolved in water; Air is an example of a homogenous gaseous solution BIC111 - Lecture 1 18 9  8/28/2023 Matter Composition & Classification Heterogenous  nonuniform, random composition. Mixtures with different properties Ex. Sand mixed with water; Oil mixed with water; Salad dressing; Pizza; Concrete… BIC111 - Lecture 1 19 Matter Composition & Classification BIC111 - Lecture 1 20 10  8/28/2023 Measurements in Chemistry English vs. Metric System  English System  still very common in the US 1 foot = 12 inches = 0.33 yard = 1/5280 miles  Metric System  decimals, powers of tens 1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000 mm BIC111 - Lecture 1 22 11  8/28/2023 Units of the Metric System Jdon'terize BIC111 - Lecture 1 23 Metric Prefix Scale Metric prefixes are nothing more than “shorthand” representations for certain powers of ten BIC111 - Lecture 1 24 12  8/28/2023 Metric Prefix Scale DEVIDE Shift the decimal point to the right Shift the decimal point to the left MULTIPLY BIC111 - Lecture 1 25 Practice Examples D D BIC111 - Lecture 1 26 13  8/28/2023 Practice Examples -10-3 * 103mm - > Im 100 mm - I km * BIC111 - Lecture 1 27 Practice Examples * 109 x 10-6 = 103- 1kg * BIC111 - Lecture 1 28 14  8/28/2023 Practice Examples 8.34 × 1010 mg = _____ 34x104 kg 8. 2.41 × 10−2 mg = _____ x104 ng 2 41. 3.92 × 109 µg = _____ 92 x106 mg 3. 1.59 × 10−2 kg = _____ mg 1 59. xion 5.27 × 107 µg = _____ g S2 7. 9.35 × 10−3 cg = _____ 35 x10h ng 9. 9.36 × 105 ng = _____ 36 x18-2 cg. 9 1.52 × 10−7 g = _____ ng ! Saxo 52x107gx 1. ng 6.72 × 106 µg = _____ 6 dg. 72 8.86 × 10−9 mg = _____ 8 86 pg. 1012pg 8. 86x105mg S X ,my -X- & 19 6.81 × 103 mg = _____ 6 81x10- kg 3 6.93 × 10−12 kg = _____ ng x. g 6 81 x103 6 93x10-2 mygx.. 4.59 × 102 g = _____ 4 x101 kg. 59 7.52 × 10−5 ng = _____ S2x1p-2 pg 7. 8.18 × 101 ng = _____ BIC111 - Lecture 1 8 18. 105 mg x - 10'ng 8 18. x yo 4.61 × 10−18 mg = _____ ng 29 Metric & English Units The English system is still very common in the United States BIC111 - Lecture 1 30 15  8/28/2023 Practice Examples Example 1: The length of a sheet of paper is 11 inches. What is this length in mm? 11 x 2. 54 = 27 94 cm. 279.4 mm 279 =. 4 mm Example 2: The height of a tree is 398 inches. Find the height of the tree in meters. 394x2 54 10.11 1010 m 92. =. cm = 10. 11 m Example 3: The length of a iron rod is 155 inches. If 20% of the rod is melted, find the length of remaining rod in cm? 315 cm 1S5 x 2 54 393 7 0 8 314 96 = am = 315. x =.. - cm. [ - E BIC111 - Lecture 1 100 % 1 - 0. 2 = 0. S 31 Practice Examples 635 lb = ____ 288 3 kg. ____ lb = 3.95 kg 243 lb = ____ mg 543.9 lb = ____ kg Ch3bx ____ lb = 2.7 kg 45.7 lb = ____ mg 2 7. kg x 744 lb = ____ dg 8 kg 137 g = ______ lb 281 lb = ____ kg 4629 g = ____ 10 19 lb. 97.5 lb = ____ cg 2 kg 781 g = ______ lb 32 lb = ____ dg 4 kg 378 g = ______ g BIC111 - Lecture 1 32 16  8/28/2023 Body Mass Index (BMI)  High amount of fat lead to weight-related diseases  Being underweight can be a risk for health issues  BMI & waist circumference  2 measures that can be used to as screening tools to estimate weight status  BUT BMI & waist circumference are not diagnostic tools for disease risks  A complete health assessment should be used to evaluate or diagnose a patient, like what? > - mesuring HDL/LDL levels BIC111 - Lecture 1 33 Body Mass Index (BMI)  Weight Circumference  Excessive abdominal fat may be a risk for type II diabetes, high BP, & heart disease  Your waistline tells something. You are obese if: Man: > 40 inch Woman: > 35 inch BIC111 - Lecture 1 34 17  8/28/2023 Body Mass Index (BMI) 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕(𝒌𝒈) 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕(𝒍𝒃) 𝑩𝑴𝑰 = 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝟐(𝒎𝟐) 𝑩𝑴𝑰 = 𝟕𝟎𝟑 𝒙 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝟐(𝒊𝒏𝟐) Jamemorize BIC111 - Lecture 1 35 Practice Examples 28 7 obese BMI = =. - BIC111 - Lecture 1 36 18  8/28/2023 Practice Examples BMI = 703x = 28. 4 - obese BIC111 - Lecture 1 37 Mass vs. Weight  Mass  the quantity of matter in an object. It is a fundamental, extensive property of that matter that doesn’t depend upon its location Expressed in grams, kilograms, pounds…  Weight  is a measure of how the force of gravity acts upon that mass depending upon its location Expressed in Newton (N) BIC111 - Lecture 1 38 19  8/28/2023 Mass vs. Weight BIC111 - Lecture 1 Mass vs. Weight BIC111 - Lecture 1 40 20  8/28/2023 Temperature Scales must > - important Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C) Kelvin (K) BIC111 - Lecture 1 41 Temperature Scales Conversion between Celsius (C) & Fahrenheit (F) BIC111 - Lecture 1 42 21  8/28/2023 Temperature Scales ‒ Kelvin Scale  Directly related to the molecular agitation “speed, motion”  If molecular speed increases  Kelvin T° increases proportionally “thermodynamics” BIC111 - Lecture 1 43 Experimental Quantities ‒ Concentration  Concentration  the mass “abundance” of particles “constituent” contained in a specified volume  Represent a mixture of different substances: - solvent Y solute Concentration of oxygen in the air Proper dose of an antibiotic (mg/kg BW) Sodium in 1 Liter of blood (Normal 135- 145 mmol/L) BIC111 - Lecture 1 44 22  8/28/2023 Experimental Quantities ‒ Concentration  Hyponatremia  160 mmol/L ↳ higher outside the cell "higher inside the cell BIC111 - Lecture 1 45 Experimental Quantities ‒ Density  Density  measurement of compactness of an object  Intensive property that is determined by the ratio of a substance’s mass to its volume Mass  how much matter contained in an object Volume  how much space something occupies  Can be expressed as: g/mL, g/cm3 … BIC111 - Lecture 1 46 23  8/28/2023 Experimental Quantities ‒ Density  Cutting an object into pieces will not change its density ~> the ratio mass : volume won't change  You haven’t changed the particle compaction in any way  Ex. If the density of red oak wood is 0.74g/cm3. If you cut the piece of wood in half, the density wouldn’t decrease by two. It would stay the same BIC111 - Lecture 1 47 Density ‒ What can float?  The density of water is 1.000 g/ml (at 4C)  If the density is greater than 1.000 g/ml The object will sink in the water  If the density is less than 1.000 g/ml The object will float on the water BIC111 - Lecture 1 48 24  8/28/2023 Practice Examples Example 1: A block of aluminum occupies a volume of 4.61 cl and weighs 67.3 g. What is its density? d Y = 1 46g/m) = = =. cl - m) BIC111 - Lecture 1 49 Practice Examples Example 2: 265x100 = 26500ml ~ Mercury is poured into a graduated cylinder that holds 265 dl. - 4279 The mercury used weighs 0.427 kg? What is its density? Example 3: d= - 2 = 0. 06 What is the mass of the ethyl alcohol that exactly fills a 234.7 ml container? The density f ethanol is 0.789 g/ml. d = m dv 10 789)(234 7) = = 185 29.. =. BIC111 - Lecture 1 50 25  8/28/2023 Bone Mineral Density (BMD)  A bone mineral density (BMD) test uses x-rays to measure the amount of minerals  namely calcium  in an area of your bones (Ex. In cm2)  It is usually done to help predicting the risk of bone fractures and detecting osteoporosis BIC111 - Lecture 1 51 BMD ‒ Osteoporosis  Osteoporosis  is characterized by progressive loss of bone density, thinning of bone tissue and increased vulnerability to fractures  May result from disease, dietary or hormonal deficiency or advanced age genetics environment effecting the genetics (the interaction between them) epigenetics > - > - BIC111 - Lecture 1 52 26  8/28/2023 BMD ‒ Osteoporosis BIC111 - Lecture 1 53 Scientific Notation  A Quick way to write really BIG or really SMALL numbers  Scientists are lazy!!! They decided that by using powers of 10, they can create short versions of long numbers  Scientific notation is mostly used when dealing with large quantities or numbers containing many digits since it shortens the notation BIC111 - Lecture 1 54 27  8/28/2023 Rules of Scientific Notation  To be in proper scientific notation the number must be written with: a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10  23×105 is not in proper scientific notation. Why?  So, 137,000,000 can be rewritten as: 1.37×10 1 37 los 8. x BIC111 - Lecture 1 55 Practice Examples Using scientific notation, rewrite the following numbers:  347,000 > - 3. 3.47×105 47 x105  902,000,000 > - 9.02×10 9 x108. 8 02  61,400 > - 6 14. x 10" 6.14×104 .0000123 > - 1 23 x. 1.23×10 10-5 -5 .000006806 > - 6 81. 6.806×10 x10-6 -6 BIC111 - Lecture 1 56 28  8/28/2023 Practice Examples In the U. S., 15,000,000 households use private wells for their water supply. Write this number in scientific notation 1 S. x 107 1.5×107 BIC111 - Lecture 1 57 Practice Examples The U.S. has a total of 1.2916×107 acres of land reserved for state parks. Write this in standard form 12916000 12,916,000 acres BIC111 - Lecture 1 58 29  8/28/2023 Scientific Notation Why does a negative exponent give us a small number? 10000 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 104 1000 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 103 100 = 10 × 10 = 102 10 = 101 Do you see a pattern? 1 = 100 BIC111 - Lecture 1 59 Scientific Notation 1 = 10-1 10 1 1 = 2 = 10-2 100 10 1 1 = 3 = 10-3 1000 10 1 1 = 4 = 10-4 10000 10 BIC111 - Lecture 1 60 30  8/28/2023 Practice Examples Using scientific notation, rewrite the following numbers:  0.000882 > - 8 82x154. 8.82×10-4  0.00000059 > - 5 9. x 5.9×10-7 10.7  0.00004 > - 4 x 105 4×10-5  1.248×10-6 > - 0..000001248 000001248  6.123 × 10-5 > - 0..00006123 00006123 06x106  0.00000306 - 3. 3.06×10-6 8 92 x10-9  0.000892 > -. 8.92×10-4 BIC111 - Lecture 1 61 Practice Examples In eukaryotes, the nucleus of a human cell is about 7×10-6 meters in diameter. What is the diameter in standard notation? 0. 000007.000007 BIC111 - Lecture 1 62 31  8/28/2023 Practice Examples A ribosome, another part of a cell, is about 0.000000003 of a meter in diameter. Write the length in scientific notation. 3x10-9 3×10-9 BIC111 - Lecture 1 63 Precision vs. Accuracy  Precision  a measure of the agreement of replicate measurements  Accuracy  the degree of agreement between the true value and the measured value BIC111 - Lecture 1 64 32  8/28/2023 Precision vs. Accuracy BIC111 - Lecture 1 65 33