"Basic Aircraft Instruments" PDF

BASIC AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS ATF 112 Prepared by: Capt. George Herbert Lehmkuhl The cockpit of IAU’s RP-C 3537 C-172 6 Basic Aircraft Instruments C-150 WHAT ARE THE 6 BASIC AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS?  THE 6 BASIC AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS AIRSP...

BASIC AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS ATF 112 Prepared by: Capt. George Herbert Lehmkuhl The cockpit of IAU’s RP-C 3537 C-172 6 Basic Aircraft Instruments C-150 WHAT ARE THE 6 BASIC AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS?  THE 6 BASIC AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS AIRSPEED INDICATOR ATTITUDE INDICATOR ALTIMETER TURN AND SLIP COORDINATOR HEADING INDICATOR VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR  PITOT STATIC INSTRUMENTS AIRSPEED INDICATOR ALTIMETER VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR  PITOT STATIC INSTRUMENTS Relies upon air AIRSPEED INDICATOR Uses pressure differences surrounding or to correctly measure ALTIMETER static air speed and altitude of pressure. your aircraft VERTICAL SPEED instruments. INDICATOR  PITOT STATIC SYSTEM Pitot Tube Static port Airspeed Indicator Is a primary instrument that operates on both pitot and static pressures. The speed of your airplane flying through the air is determined by comparing the ram air pressure, with static air pressure. Airspeed Indicator The airspeed indicator is divided into important color coded arcs that define the speed ranges for the different phases of flight The upper and lower limits of the colored arcs correspond to the same airspeed limitations known as V- SPEEDS Airspeed Ranges and V-SPEEDS Green Arc White Arc Yellow Arc Green Arc- is known as the Normal operating range. Most of your flying will be done flying the speeds in this airspeed range. White Arc- Is known as the aircraft Flaps operating range, the lower limit represents the full flap stall speed and the upper limit represents the maximum. Flap speed. Usually for approaches and Landings. Yellow Arc- defines the caution range. You are allowed to fly in this airspeed range only under smooth air conditions and with caution. VNE Red Line VNO Upper Limit of Green Arc VFE Upper Limit of white Arc VNE Red Line Known as the Never Exceed Speed. Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may result to aircraft component damage or total structural failure. VNO Upper Limit Is the Maximum Structural Cruising Speed. This of Green Arc upper limit of the green arc indicates not to exceed it unless flying in smooth air conditions. VFE Maximum Flaps extended Speed. Inidicated the Upper Limit maximum speed your flaps can take underload. of white Arc VSO Lower limit of white arc VS1 Lower Limit of Green Arc VSO Stalling speed of the minimum steady flight Lower limit speed in the aircraft’s landing configuration. In small airplanes, this is the POWER-OFF stall of white arc speed at the maximum landing weight in landing configuration (with Gear and Flaps down) VS1 Lower Limit Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight of Green Arc speed obtained in a specified configuration. IN small planes this is known as the POWER-OFF stall speed at the maximum take off weight in clean configuration. (with gear up if equipped with retractable and flaps up.) MANEUVERING SPEED Not all V-speeds are shown in the ASI, This is one example of that. MANEUVERING SPEED or (Va) represents the maximum speed at which you may apply full and abrupt control movement without the possibility of causing structural damage. also represents the maximum speed that you can safely use during turbulent flight conditions.  Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed VLE for retractable gear airplanes. this speed should not be exceeded when the gear is extended Maximum Landing Gear Operating Speed VLO Is the maximum speed at which you can raise or lower the landing gear Refer to Pilots operating handbook (POH) for published corresponding aircraft speeds Types of Airspeed The airspeed you are directly familiar with us that read directly from the ASI, referred to as Indicated Airspeed This is the airspeed directly being pointed at. Indicated Airspeed (IAS) Is the reading you from ASI pointer Since the ASI is designed to indicate true airspeed under standard Sea Level Conditions, IAS does nor reflect variations in air density as you climb to higher altitudes Is uncorrected for Installation(position) and Instrument errors  Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) Is Indicated Airspeed corrected for installation and instrument errors. Although attempts are made to minimize these errors, it is not possible to eliminate them entirely throughout the full range of operating speeds, weights, and flap settings. To determine CAS, read the IAS and then correct it by using the chart or table in the POH True Airspeed (TAS) Represents the true airspeed of your plane through the air As altitude or air temperature increases, the density of the air decreases. It is CAS corrected for altitude and non-standard temperature. For a given IAS, TAS increases with altitude Ground Speed (GS) This is the total representation of your actual speed of your airplane flying over the surface. It is TAS adjusted for wind. GS decreases with headwind and increases with a tailwind.