21st.docx

**Philippine Literature During the American Period** ***Major Characteristics:*** 1. **English Language** -- medium of literary expression. 2. **New Literary Forms** -- short story and novel; introduced by American writers and educators; Filipino writers adopted them and made them their...

**Philippine Literature During the American Period** ***Major Characteristics:*** 1. **English Language** -- medium of literary expression. 2. **New Literary Forms** -- short story and novel; introduced by American writers and educators; Filipino writers adopted them and made them their own. 3. **Social Realism** -- aimed to depict the realities of Philippine society and expose social injustices and inequalities; Jose Garcia Villa, N.V.M. Gonzalez, and Nick Joaquin (poverty, corruption, and the struggle for independence). 4. **Nationalism** -- strong sense of nationalism and love for their country; wrote about beauty and richness of Philippine culture and traditions. 5. **War and Occupation** -- the Philippine-American War and World War II; complex mix of cultural influences and themes. ***Literature under the American Colonization*** - **Spanish and Tagalog** -- used in writing - 1910, **English** were the mediums used in the literature during these times. - **Spanish, Tagalog & Vernaculars** -- one in their ideas and spirit. - **Tagalog writers**: continued in their lamentations and their attempts to arouse love for one's native tongue. - **English writers**: imitated the themes and methods of the Americans. ***Newspapers circulated during the American period*** - Primarily established to continue the fight for freedom after the defeat of the Filipino forces against the Americans. 1. **El Nuevo Dia** (The New Day) -- established by Sergio Osmena (1900); was banned and threatened Osmena with banishment. 2. **El Grito del Pueblo** (The Call of the Nation) -- established by Pascual Poblete (1900). 3. **El Renacimiento** ( The Rebirth) -- edited by Rafael Palma; was the pioneering newspaper to publish works written in English Language. 4. **The Philippines Free Press** -- founded by R. McCullough Dick & D. Theo Rogers; first privately owned publication to publish English works of Filipino writers. **Plays staged during the American period** 1. **Kahapon, Ngayon, Bukas** -- Aurelio Tolentino 2. **Tanikalang G**into -- Juan Abad 3. **Malaya** -- Tomas Remigio 4. **Walang Sugat** -- Severino Reyes **The Philippine Literature in English** - Philippine Insurrection kept the flame of nationalism burning as ever. - They resorted back to the pen; many Filipinos started writing again "after the sword was broken". - The Filipinos began using this new medium to record their thoughts, sentiments, ideas, and views. **Three Periods:** 1. Period of Re-orientation 2. Period of Imitation 3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth **Period of Re-orientation** (1898-1910) - Covered the early years of the American period and the landing of the Americans on Philippine shores including the Philippine-American War - Americans established a ***public school system.*** - **English language** was used as a medium of instruction in public schools (1900). - **First English teachers** -- American soldiers - Pioneering teachers were called "**Thomasites**". - They established the University of the Philippines; was the first to use the English language in higher education. **Other established:** - Philippine School of Arts and Trades (PUP) - Philippine Normal School (PNU) - Siliman University and Xavier University **Pioneer Filipino English Writers** 1. **Justo Juliano** -- "Sursum Corda" first literary work published in English (1907). 2. **Juan F. Salazar** -- "My Mother" and "Air Castles" published in 1909. 3. **Proceso Sebastian** -- "To My Lady in Laoag" published in 1909. **Andres Bonifacio** - Supremo of the Katipunan established in 1892. - Married Gregoria De Jesus, keeper of important documents, also known as "Lakambini". - He made canes and fans as a family venture. - Acted in Moro-moro plays often portraying the folk hero Bernardo Carpio. - Orator and true poet **Apolinario Mabini** - Supported himself and studied at San Juan De Letran, Manila. - Continued studies at the University of Sto. Tomas where he got his Law Degree in 1894. - The next year he was afflicted by Polio. - 1896: he was lame on both legs. - Active member of the newly revived La Liga Filipina in 1893. - Became an adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898. **Pio Valenzuela** - Filipino physician and revolutionary leader. - Joined the society of Katipunan - Together with Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, they formed the secret chamber of the society called Camara Reina. - He took charge of the publication of Ang Kalayaan, Katipunan's first and only official publication. - He tried to convince the exiled Jose Rizal to join the revolutionary movement. **About the Works** - "Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas" was one of the poems written by Andres Bonifacio in the midst of revolution. - The speech he delivered during the establishment of the KKK or Katipunan was written in 1892. - "The Printing Press of the Katipunan and the Review, Ang Kalayaan" and "The First Rally of the Katipunan" - "Reason Yet Again!" was a translation by Luis Serrano from the original, old Tagalog "Katipunan din naman!" - "True Decalogue" **True Decalogue** was meant to continue the fight for independence even from the Americans. 1. Thou shalt love God and thy honor above all things: God as the fountain of all truth, of all justice and of all activity; and thy honor, the only power which will oblige thee to be faithful, just and industrious. 2. Thou shalt worship God in the form which thy conscience may deem most righteous and worthy: for in thy conscience, which condemns thy evil deeds and praises thy good ones, speaks thy God. 3. Thou shalt cultivate the special gifts which God has granted thee, working and studying according to thy ability, never leaving the path of righteousness and justice, in order to attain thy own perfection, by means where of thou shalt contribute to the progress of humanity; thus thou shalt fulfill the mission to which God has appointed thee in this life and by so doing, thou shalt be honored, and being honored, thou shalt glorify thy God. 4. Thou shalt love thy country after God and thy honor and more than thyself: for she is the only Paradise which God has given thee in this life, the only patrimony of thy race, the only inheritance of thy ancestors and the only hope of thy posterity; because of her, thou hast life, love and interests, happiness, honor and God. 5. Thou shalt strive for the happiness of thy country before thy own, making of her the kingdom of reason, of justice and of labor: for if she be happy, thou, together with thy family, shalt likewise be happy. 6. Thou shalt strive for the independence of thy country: for only thou canst have any real interest in her advancement and exaltation, because her independence constitutes thy own liberty; her advancement, thy perfection; and her exaltation, thy own glory and immortality. 7. Thou shalt not recognize in thy country the authority of any person who has not been elected by thee and thy countrymen; for authority emanates from God, and as God speaks in the conscience of every man, the person designated and proclaimed by the conscience of a whole people is the only one who can use true authority. 8. Thou shalt strive for a Republic and never for a monarchy in thy country: for the latter exalts one or several families and founds a dynasty; the former makes a people noble and worthy through reason, great through liberty, and prosperous and brilliant through labor. 9. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself: for God has imposed upon him, as well as upon thee, the obligation to help thee and not to do unto thee what he would not have thee do unto him; but if thy neighbor, failing in this sacred duty, attempt against thy life, thy liberty and thy interests, then thou shalt destroy and annihilate him for the supreme law of self-preservation prevails. 10. Thou shalt consider thy countryman more than thy neighbor; thou shalt see him thy friend, thy brother or at least thy comrade, with whom thou art bound by one fate, by the same joys and sorrows and by common aspirations and interests.