Axillary_Arm & Forearm & Lymph Anatomy[f].pdf

Axillary & Brachial & Lymph Node Anatomy A N A LY Z I N G T H E F I N E R S T R U C T U R E S DR. R. HAZELL  Borders of The Axilla The axilla is the space in the interval marking the junction of the upper arm and the chest wall. It is a key area because many important neurovascular stru...

Axillary & Brachial & Lymph Node Anatomy A N A LY Z I N G T H E F I N E R S T R U C T U R E S DR. R. HAZELL  Borders of The Axilla The axilla is the space in the interval marking the junction of the upper arm and the chest wall. It is a key area because many important neurovascular structures pass through it. It is pyramidal in shape. The anterior boundary of the axilla Pectoralis major – the largest muscle in the pectoral region, that lies over the anterior chest wall. Clavipectoral fascia – a layer of fascia (tough connective tissue) in the pectoral region Clavicle - the only bone that directly links the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton. The posterior axilla boundary consists of: Subscapularis – one of the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff Teres major - one of the 7 scapulohumeral muscles around the glenohumeral joint that facilitates movement of the shoulder Latissimus dorsi - one of the muscles attaching the upper limb and the vertebral column The medial boundary of the axilla is made up of: -Serratus anterior -the upper ribs and their intercostal muscles The lateral axillary boundary The lateral boundary comprises the intertubercular groove on the medial part of the humerus. The axillary apex is the interval between the superior border of the scapula, the posterior border of the clavicle, and the external border of the first rib. Anterior/Posterior Axilla The pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi form the major anterior and posterior folds, respectively, of the axilla. If a vertical line were drawn bisecting the distance between the anterior and posterior folds, it would denote the mid-axillary line. Long Thoracic Nerve Contents of the Axilla The main contents of the axilla are the: axillary vein and artery, Axillary artery – the major artery which is the continuation of the subclavian artery, and which continues as the brachial artery, the artery of the arm Axillary vein – the large blood vessel that drains blood from the lateral thorax, the upper limb and the axilla into the subclavian vein and into the right atrium of the heart Muscles of the Upper Arm Deltoid = Shoulder Muscle 3 Parts/Origins of the Deltoid  O, I, A & NI of Deltoid All 3 parts of Deltoid INSERT into the D. Tuberosity of the humerus. Be sure to palpate this in the Dry lab. NI of Deltoid is the Axillary Nerve (C5 & C6). Action = flexes & medially rotates shoulder joint. The acromial part abducts, and the spinal part laterally rotates the shoulder. Biceps Brachii Brachioradialis Brachialis Brachialis Coracobrachialis Comparison of CB to Brachialis Pronator Teres Triceps Brachii Anconeus Blood Supply to Arm Arterial Supply Venous Supply of deep veins mirrors the arteries. i.e. brachial vein & brachial artery. Process this slide in your mind and understand. Nice summary of venous flow Review & Clinicals Injuries during vaginal delivery Axillary Lymph Nodes  Axillary lymph nodes & a Portion of Brachial Plexus Brachial plexus - a complex network of nerves formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic ventral nerve roots, which begins in the neck and extends into the axilla. It is responsible for carrying motor and sensory signals with respect to the pectoral girdle and the upper limb. Axillary lymph nodes - nodes in the axilla that receive lymph from the arm, the thoracic wall, the upper abdominal wall, and the breast. They drain lymph vessels from the lateral quadrant of the breast, and from the walls of the chest & abdomen above the navel. Adults generally have about 600-800 lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small (about 1-2 centimeters) oval or kidney-shaped structures that are a part of your immune system. They're part of your lymphatic system, which, along with your spleen, tonsils, and adenoids, help you fight off illness and infections. They also filter germs, cancer cells, and wastes out of your lymphatic fluid. 7 Major Locations of LN’s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.  Superficial lymph nodes drain the lymph from your head, scalp, face, arms, and legs and are located in your: Neck (cervical) Armpits (axillary) Groin (inguinal)  Deep Lymph Nodes are in your belly and chest and they drain the lymph from around your lungs and your digestive organs. These deep lymph nodes are also called: Mesenteric. These are lymph nodes in your mesentery, the membrane that connects your bowel to the tissue wall around your belly. Retroperitoneal. These are lymph nodes around your kidneys and the major blood vessels that connect your lower body to your heart. Mediastinal. These are lymph nodes around your trachea (windpipe), esophagus, heart, lungs, and the large blood vessels that lead to your heart. Any infection can make your lymph nodes swell including: Viral infections, such as rhinovirus (colds), the influenza virus (the flu), sexually transmitted infections (herpes and HIV), or COVID-19 Bacterial infections, such as an ear infection (usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae), tuberculosis, or an abscessed tooth. Usually, your swollen lymph nodes are close to where your infection is.