ATP-ADP Cycle, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis PDF

Overview of the Lesson This unit is divided into three chapters: ❖ATP- ADP Cycle ❖Cellular Respiration ❖Photosynthesis Photosynthesis What is ENERGY??? Required for living things to maintain order, grow, and reproduce. ❖ BIOENERGETICS Branch of biochemistry that...

Overview of the Lesson This unit is divided into three chapters: ❖ATP- ADP Cycle ❖Cellular Respiration ❖Photosynthesis Photosynthesis What is ENERGY??? Required for living things to maintain order, grow, and reproduce. ❖ BIOENERGETICS Branch of biochemistry that focuses on how cells transform energy, often by producing, storing or consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The study of how organisms manage their energy sources. What is ENERGY??? stored in the chemical bonds of molecules, and it can be released and transformed by the metabolic pathways of living cells. The chemical energy available to do work is termed “FREE ENERGY (G)”. Why life requires a highly ordered system? Mitochondrion Rudolph Albert von Kolliker He was a physiologist who first discovered mitochondria in 1857, often referred to as the “powerhouses of the cell”.  Mitochondrion Structure Mitochondrion has two separate membranes: inner and outer membrane. Three compartments: intermembrane space, cristae space, and matrix. Outer membrane Provide a molecular sieve that only allows the diffusion of relatively small molecules (barrier effect).  Inner membrane Folds into cristae which divide the organelle into three compartments. The third stage, Electron Transport Chain, takes place on the inner membrane. Intermembrane Located between inner and outer membrane. Regulation of respiration and metabolic functions. Cristae/Crista High curvature structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that are crucial for ATP production.  Matrix Space enclosed by the inner membrane. The second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs Cycle, takes place in the matrix.  Antoine Lavoisier He was one of the first people to relate chemistry to the science of bodies, physiology, and study what we now call metabolism and respiration. What is a coupled reaction? Class of organic reactions that involve the joining of two chemical species. Order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that increase entropy. Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle 2 Types of Organisms  Food making processes of autotrophs Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Traps energy from Captures energy from small sunlight and is then used inorganic chemicals present in to produce carbohydrates their environment, and this from carbon dioxide and process can occur in the absence water. of oxygen.  Adenosine Triphosphate The Energy Currency of the Cell  ADP + Phosphoric Acid + Energy = ATP  Hydrolysis of ATP Endergonic Reaction: to ADP and Pi is (requires energy) exergonic (releases ▪ Active transport energy). ▪ Cell movements ▪ Anabolism Exergonic Reaction: (releases energy) Synthesis of ATP to ▪ Cell respiration ADP and Pi is ▪ Catabolism endergonic (requires energy).  Releases energy Exergonic ATP → ADP ▪ Cell respiration Reaction (hydrolysis) ▪ Catabolism ATP → ADP + Pi Requires or uses ▪ Active transport Endergonic energy ▪ Cell movements Reaction ADP → ATP ▪ Anabolism ADP + Pi → ATP  Catabolism The metabolic breaking down of complex molecules into numerous simple ones and releasing energy.  Cellular Respiration ❖cells trap and release chemical bonds step by step in a series of chemical reactions. ❖metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. ❖Food is the raw material that provides the energy for your body to function ❖ Cells use food to synthesize new molecules to carry out their life processes  Cellular respiration may occur in the presence or absence of oxygen Aerobic Respiration - chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars) Anaerobic Respiration – type of cellular respiration, does not use oxygen to produce energy  Equation for aerobic respiration: 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy Equation for anaerobic respiration: C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + energy (ATP) glucose → lactic acid + energy Cells do not BURN glucose, they slowly release energy from it and other food compounds through several pathways (processes) All three combined make up Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle + Electron Transport Chain  Major stages of Aerobic Respiration Also known as aerobic metabolism, cell respiration, and oxidative metabolism 1st pathway → Glycolysis 2nd pathway → Krebs cycle 3rd pathway → Electron Transport Chain  What is the process of glycolysis???? the breakdown of the form of a glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules i.e. pyruvate (pyruvic acid).  The oxidized form of NAD+ undergoes reduction when a carbon atom in the nicotinamide ring reacts with 2H (two hydrogen ions and two electrons), leaving one H+. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen Let’s look at the pathway that follows glycolysis with the presence of oxygen….. AEROBIC RESPIRATION The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain What is Krebs Cycle? 2nd stage of cellular respiration Here pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reaction. Hans Adolf Krebs, British biochemist in 1937  What is Krebs Cycle? Citric acid is the compound formed in this 1 st series of reactions, so Krebs is sometimes called the Citric or Citric Acid Cycle. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle — the three-carbon pieces are pulled apart bit by bit to release the energy stored in those covalent bonds. This is where most of the CO2 is formed.  Pyruvic acid enters from glycolysis; One carbon removed = CO2 formed NAD+ again changed to NADH CoA joins remaining 2 carbons = Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA added to 4 carbon Compound = Citric acid (6-C) Citric acid broken down to 5- carbon then 4 carbon; more CO2 released Along the way more NADH and FADH2 formed One molecule of ATP also made The Electron Transport Chain This sequence requires the O2 and produces most of the energy. This energy comes in the form of ATP or adenine triphosphate. Oxidative Phosphorylation The Total ATP production of Aerobic Cellular Respiration