ARA 101 Final Exam Content PDF

Content for Final Exam Early Abbasid Baghdad - The Golden Age of Arabic Learning - Falsafa was based on the activities of different Arab and Muslim thinkers, who studied and commented on Greek philosophical sources available to them in translation. - It opened the interaction betwe...

Content for Final Exam Early Abbasid Baghdad - The Golden Age of Arabic Learning - Falsafa was based on the activities of different Arab and Muslim thinkers, who studied and commented on Greek philosophical sources available to them in translation. - It opened the interaction between the Arab and the mainstream cultures. - It brought Islamic principles of right and wrong in line with the ethical and social principles of Greek philosophers. - It universili - The main concern of Arab-Islamic philosophy was to reconcile Greek philosophy and Islam - The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a major centre of translation from Greek into Arabic - In Al-Andalus, specifically Toledo, was a major translation centre for literature from Arabic to Latin Translation Movement: - Hunyan ibn Ishaq - He and his students translated a lot of work from Galen, Plato and Aristotle (De Anima) - He translated more than 31 works Philosophy: Al-Kindi is known as “The Philosopher of Arabs” - He was influenced by the writing of Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus - He was the first genuine Muslim philosopher to attempt to reconcile between the Quran and Greek philosophy - He aimed to give philosophical explanations to the Qur’anic concepts of the creation of the world, the validity of divine revelation, the resurrection of the body and the ultimate destruction of the world by God. - He remained committed to Islam despite his passion of philosophy - He established the school of Neoplatonism Al Farabi - He was one of the Muslim philosopher influenced by Neoplatonism - He was called the Second teacher, the First was Aristotle - He also attempted to reconcile between religion and philosophy - He had an important theory called the ‘theory of emanation’ regarding the origin of the world - 177 books of his survived. 43 on logic, 17 on music, 11 on metaphysics, 7 on ethics, 7 on politics, 11 are commentaries mostly on early philosophers - He wrote ‘al-Madinat al-Fadila’ (The Virtuous City) Brethren of Sincerity (Ikhwan al-Safa’) - They joined together because of their love for knowledge - They operated in secret - They were extremely important as they left 52 epistles - This covered a whole range of subjects: maths, ethics, nature and philosophical themes - They also engaged in neoplatonism - They believed that the study of mathematics was the study of all knowledge - They were considered of a very tolerant group Al-Razi - A philosopher and medical figure - He’s important because: - He was the representative of the people who rejected religion and embraced philosophy - He rejected religion and embraced philosophy - He started to see that philosophy had a relation to the soul which made it therapeutic for him - His contribution to medicine -> book is called “al-Hawi”, The comprehensive book of medicine. - When he started to study philosophy he began to reject religion - He came up with his own meta-physical system of the world - Based on 5 principles - God - Soul - Matter - Time - Space Sina - Wrote the “Canon of Medicine”, “The Book of Healing” - Also known by his Latinised name “Avicenna” - Important philosopher - He was influenced by Aristotle and Neoplatonism - Him and Farabi are considered the most famous Muslim Philosophers Muslim Theologian and Philosophy - Theology: Study of God-> how the world came to be - It is the systematic study of the nature of God and religious truth - In Muslim theology we have two groups: the traditionalists and the rationalists - Traditionalist:They focus on using religious texts, Quran and hadith - Objected philosophy - Rationalist: They also take the Quran and Hadith into account but they also consider reasoning and philosophy - Accepted philosophy - Muslims Theologians attacked philosophy and saw it as a threat to orthodoxy - They saw philosophy as foreign and rooted in paganism therefore in is irreconcilable al-Ghazzali - He wrote ‘Tahafut al-Falasifa’, the incoherence of philosophers - He attacked philosophers and refute their ideas - He made a systematic attack which made him write the book - Ghazzali distinguished between two types of Greco-Arab philosophy: - The one that is not in conflict with religious truth, such as logic and mathematics - The one that is essentially incompatible with religious truth, such as metaphysics and physics ^^ this distinction is important - Most of the muslim’s disagreed with al-Ghazzali Ibn Rushd - His Latinised name was “Averroes” - He was known as the commentator due to his detailed commentaries on Aristotle - He was also a judge - He refuted the works of al-Ghazzali - He wrote a book called “Tahafut al-Tahafut”, The incoherence of the incoherent - Most of Ibn Rushd’s translators were Jewish scholars - He was from Qurtuba, al-Andalus Ibn Tufayl of al-Andalus - His most famous work is his philosophical novel ‘Hay bin Yaqzan’ - He tried to prove that a similar conclusion can be reached by the religion of the use of reason and intellect - He was a genius - He stimulated interest in Al-Andalus in Greco-Arab philosophy Al-Suhrawardi - Founder of illuminationist/orientalist philosophy - He gained credit of synthesising philosophy and mysticism - “Master of Illumination” - Was also called “Shaykh maqtul” (murdered shaykh) referring to his execution for heresy Science - Made the camera - al-Khawarizmi - Algebra - Arabic Sciences:- They call it this because it was written and founded in Arabic - The Arab’s sponsored the translation movement - They were multinational and multi-religious - Medieval Arabic Science was especially indebted to the legacy of the Greco-Hellenisitc world - Euclid’s Elements Mathematics: - Umar al-Khayyam - A polymath, philosopher, mathematician who contributed to the development of arithmetic, astronomer and poet. - He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy, music and Islamic theology - He combined the study of mathematics and poetry - Al Khawarizmi - “Father of Algebra” - He wrote the first handbook in Arabic on Indian reckoning - “Algorithm” - He wrote influential treatise on algebra Kitab al jabr wa al-Muqabala - Adapted Ptolemy’s Geographike Hyphegesis - He was known for making the number 0 Where to find the medical and astronomical centres? Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Maragha Why were the Arabs so focused on learning about astronomy - Knowing the prayer times - Observing the moon - Knowing the direction of the Qibla The most Muslim figure in astronomy is Al-Tusi - Persian Polymath - Writer on a number of subjects: architecture, astronomy, biology, chemistry, maths, philosophy, medicine, physics and theology - He contributed to the development of the advanced geometrical model - Encouraged rulers to build observatories and astronomy centers - Made trigonometry a geometric al -Fazari - Translated the Indian book of astronomy Sindhind into Arabic for Al-Mansur - Helped plan the foundation of Baghdad - The first in the Arab world to makes astrolabes Optics Ibn al-haytham will definitely come in th final Ibn al-Haytham - He wrote a famous book called Kitab al-Manazir (The book of Optics) - He proved that rays of light travel in straight lines and carried out various experiments with lenses, mirrors, refraction and reflection - Also gave the first clear description of camera obscura or pinhole camera - He also wrote insightful commentaries on works by Aristotle, Ptolemy and Euclid - Haytham’s optical research is related to systematic and methodological reliance on experimentation (i’tibar) and controlled testing in his scientific inquires Zahrawi - The father of modern surgery - Famous book called Kitab al-Tasrif - Considered the greatest mediaeval surgeon - His biggest contribution is surgical procedures and instruments - First to describe an ectopic pregnancy - Ibn al-Jazzar - He specialises in child care - His books on child care, medicine and dietetic were translated into European languages - Successful medical practitioner and therapist al-Nafis - Arab physician who is mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood - Becmae chief of physicians in al-Mansuri Hospital in Egypt. - Was the Sultan’s personal physician Al Which of the following is correct about maqamat 1- they were written in writing prose 2- written by al hamadani 3- the protagonist of the maqamat was mainly after money 4- all of the above Razi and his approach to philosophy 1- he preferred philosophy over islam 2- he had 5 Al-jahiz and his book are important What is topic on his book on misers Ibn al nafis - Pulmonary system of blood Where did they translate greek to arabic? Baghdad Where did they translate latin into arabic ? toledo, al andalus Sira literature is very important What is the sira papyrs? It about the egyptian What was the sira of antara? He was an arab folk hero Alf layla wa layla Who translated it into french? What do they compose? Stories from baghdad egypt.. Muslim Spain important dates? When did it start, when did it end , how did it end and who established the emirates? Abdulrahman.. Isfahani and his book of songs, he compiled all the songs from the time of pre islam to the time of Harun al rashid Ibn al-Haytham and his contribution to optics Abu alaa al maari - epicle of forgiveness, he influenced dante The translation movement? Huna2 ibn ishaq, Ghazali and his contribution to the study of philosophy Zahrawi Abu tamam and him being attached to al mu3ta9m, he was a neoclassical poet, he wrote 7amasa (encouragement poetry) Muwashahat - mena to the sang, about love, mixture between the arabic qasida and european folk songs, not written in classical arabic, who were the main people who wrote it, ibn al khateeb Islamic philosophy - the harmony between religion and science Who built baghdad? Ibn tufayl and Hay bin Abu Nawas as an abbasid poet Al faarabi - second teavher Al kindi - first philosopher The canon of medicine - ibn sina