Anatomy-Physiology-Chapter-12_-Heart PDF

hapter 12 C HEART SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION. Created by: Johmel De Ocampo  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART The heart is actually two pumps in one...

hapter 12 C HEART SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION. Created by: Johmel De Ocampo  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART The heart is actually two pumps in one. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through vessels of the pulmonary circulation. The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through vessels of the systemic circulation. FUNCTIONS OF HEART 1. GENERATING BLOOD PRESSURE Contractions of the heart generate blood pressure, which is required to force blood through the blood vessels. 2. ROUTING BLOOD The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations, which ensures the flow of oxygen rich blood to tissues. 3. ENSURING ONE-WAY BLOOD FLOW The valves of the heart ensure a one-way flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels. 4. REGULATING BLOOD SUPPLY Changes in the rate and force of heart contraction match blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of the tissues during rest, exercise, and changes in body position.  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART THE HEART LOCATION The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the two pleural cavities that surround the lungs. WEIGHT & SIZE Weighs approximately 250-300 g 12 cm (5 in.) long 9 cm (3.5 in.) wide at its broadest point 6 cm (2.5 in.) thick BASE Located deep to the sternum, extends superiorly to the second intercostal space APEX Located deep to the fifth intercostal space, Approximately 7–9 cm to the left of the sternum where the midclavicular line intersects with the fifth intercostal space  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART LAYERS OF THE HEART ENDOCARDIUM The INNERMOST It provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart MYOCARDIUM The MIDDLE part Responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. It makes up approx. 95% of the heart wall PERICARDIUM The OUTERMOST The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart Composed of two main parts: Fibrous layer Serous layer  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART FIBROUS PERICARDIUM PARIETAL LAYER Tough, fibrous connective tissue Portion of the serous pericardium outer layer. lining the fibrous pericardium It resembles a bag that rests on and attaches to the diaphragm VISCERAL LAYER Prevents overstretching of the Portion of the serous pericardium heart, provides protection, and covering the heart surface anchors the heart in the mediastinum. SEROUS PERICARDIUM A thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart. Parietal layer Visceral layer CHAMBERS OF THE HEART  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART ATRIA ATRIA Two superior receiving chambers AURICLE of the heart. Wrinkled pouch-like structure Functions primarily as that can be seen on the reservoirs, where blood returning anterior surface of each from veins collects before it atrium. enters the ventricles. Slightly increases the capacity of an atrium so that it can hold a greater volume of blood. ATRIA SULCUS Series of grooves, that contain coronary blood vessels and a variable amount of fat. Marks the external boundary between two chambers of the heart. ATRIA CORONARY SULCUS Encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles POSTERIOR ANTERIOR INTRAVENTRICULAR SULCUS INTRAVENTRICULAR SULCUS A shallow groove on the A shallow groove on the posterior surface of the heart anterior surface of the heart that marks the external that marks the external boundary between the boundary between the right ventricles on the posterior and left ventricles on the aspect of the heart anterior aspect of the heart.  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART ATRIA ATRIA SEPTUM FOSSA OVALIS A thin partition between the The remnant of the foramen chambers of the heart. ovale Interatrial septum A prominent oval depression Interventricular septum feature seen on interatrial septum. HEART CHAMBERS RIGHT ATRIUM Receives blood through three major openings: Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART LEFT ATRIUM VENTRICLES Forms most of the base of the Major pumping chambers of the heart heart. Receives blood from the lungs Eject blood into the arteries and through four pulmonary veins force it to flow through the circulatory system TRABECULAE CARNEAE RIGHT VENTRICLE A series of ridges formed by About 4–5 mm (0.16–0.2 in.) in raised bundles of cardiac muscle average thickness. fibers. Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart.  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART VENTRICLES CHORDAE TENDINEAE Tendon-like, fibrous cords that connect atrioventricular valves of the heart with papillary muscles. PAPILLARY MUSCLES Raised area of cardiac muscle in the ventricle to which the chordae tendinae attach VENTRICLES INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM Cardiac muscle partition separating the right and left ventricles. LEFT VENTRICLE The thickest chamber of the heart. Average 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.) Forms the apex of the heart.  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART HEART VALVES Open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes. Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES Located between an atrium and a ventricle. Tricuspid valves The AV valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Composed of three cusps. Bicuspid valves The AV valvebetween the left atrium & the left ventricle. Composed of two cusps. SEMILUNAR VALVES Also known as aortic and pulmonary valves. Made up of three crescent moon– shaped cusps  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART HEART BLOOD FLOW  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART RIGHT SIDE OF THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART HEART Pump for pulmonary circulation Pump for systemic circulation Receives all of the dark-red Receives bright red oxygenated deoxygenated blood (oxygen-rich) blood from the lungs CORONARY ARTERY  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART LEFT CORONARY ARTERY Originates on the left side of the ANTERIOR aorta. Supply much of the anterior wall INTERVENTRICULAR of the heart and most of the left ventricle. ARTERY Three Major Branches: a.k.a. LEFT ANTERIOR Anterior Interventricular DESCENDING ARTERY Artery Lies in the anterior Circumflex Artery intraventricular sulcus Left Marginal Artery Supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles LEFT CIRCUMFLEX LEFT MARGINAL ARTERY ARTERY Lies in the coronary sulcus Extends inferiorly along the Distributes oxygenated blood to lateral wall of the left ventricle the walls of the left ventricle and from the circumflex artery. left atrium. RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY Originates on the right side of POSTERIOR the aorta. Supply most of the wall of the INTERVENTRICULAR right ventricle. Two Major Branches: ARTERY Posterior Interventricular Follows the posterior Artery interventricular sulcus Right Marginal Artery Supplies walls of the two ventricles with oxygenated blood  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART RIGHT MARGINAL ARTERY Extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the right ventricle Transports oxygenated blood to the wall of the right ventricle. CORONARY VEINS Follows the posterior interventricular sulcus Supplies walls of the two ventricles with oxygenated blood  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART ANTERIOR CARDIAC VEINS Located on the anterior surface of the right atrium They drain directly into the right atrium SMALL CARDIAC VEINS Located on the lateral right ventricle, parallel to the right marginal artery. Drain at the lateral right ventricle MIDDLE CARDIAC VEINS Located on the lateral right ventricle, parallel to the right marginal artery. Drain at the lateral right ventricle GREAT CARDIAC VEINS Located in the anterior interventricular sulcus, parallel to the anterior interventricular artery. Anterior portions of the right and CORONARY left ventricle SINUS Located on the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart; drains into the right atrium.  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART SINOATRIAL NODE ATRIOVENTRICULAR The heart’s pacemaker NODE Located in the superior wall of the Located in the lower portion of the right atrium &initiates the right atrium. contraction of the heart. The action potential slows as a result of various differences in cell structure in AV node. AV BUNDLE OF HIS The only site where action RIGHT & LEFT BUNDLE potentials can conduct from the Extend through the atria to the ventricles interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART HEART SOUNDS PURKINJE FIBERS Pass to the apex of the heart and AUSCULTATION then extend to the cardiac muscle The act of listening to sounds of the ventricle walls within the body usually done with a stethoscope. HEART SOUNDS Comes primarily from blood S1 turbulence caused by the closing S1 heart sound: LUBB sound of the heart valves. Louder and a bit longer than the There are four (4) heart sounds: second sound s1, s2, s3, & s4 Caused by BLOOD TURBULENCE associated with CLOSURE OF THE AV VALVES soon after S2 ventricular systole begins. S1 heart sound: DUPP sound Shorter and not as loud as the first sound S3 Caused by BLOOD TURBULENCE Due to blood turbulence during associated with CLOSURE OF rapid ventricular filling THE SL VALVES soon after ventricular systole begins. S4 Due to blood turbulence during atrial systole  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART CARDIAC CYCLES Due to blood turbulence during atrial systole  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART MAJOR CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS  Created by: Johmel De Ocampo HEART DISEASES AND DISORDERS