Anatomy of Appendicular Skeleton PDF

ANATOMY OF APPENDICULA R SKELETON CONTENTS (UPPER LIMB)  CLAVICLE (COLLAR BONE)  SCAPULA (SHOULDER BLADE)  HUMERUS  RADIUS & ULNA  CARPAL BONES  METACARPAL BONES  PHALANGES CONTENTS (LOWER LIMB)  HIP BONE  PELVIS  FEMUR  FIBULA & TIBIA  TARSAL BONES  METATARS...

ANATOMY OF APPENDICULA R SKELETON CONTENTS (UPPER LIMB)  CLAVICLE (COLLAR BONE)  SCAPULA (SHOULDER BLADE)  HUMERUS  RADIUS & ULNA  CARPAL BONES  METACARPAL BONES  PHALANGES CONTENTS (LOWER LIMB)  HIP BONE  PELVIS  FEMUR  FIBULA & TIBIA  TARSAL BONES  METATARSAL BONES  PHALANGES  SHOULDER GIRDLE  Shoulder girdle consists of two scapula and two clavicles. Clavicle (collar bone):  S-shaped long bone.  Articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.  Provides the only body link between the upper limb and the axial skeleton.  SCAPULA (SHOULDER BONE)  Flat tri-angular shaped bone.  At the lateral angle is a shallow articular surface, the glenoid cavity, which, with the head of humerus forms the shoulder joint.  The prominence overhang, which can be felt through the skin, as the highest point of the shoulder is called the acromion process and for the joint with the clavicle, the acromioclavicular joint.  HUMERUS  Bone of upper arm.  The head sits within the glenoid cavity of the scapula, forming the shoulder joint.  The distal end of the bone presents two surfaces that articulate with the radius and ulna to for the elbow joint.  ULNA AND RADIUS  Two bones of the forearm.  Ulna is longer than and medial to radius, when the arm is in the anatomical position.  They articulate with the humerus at the elbow joint, the carpal bone at the wrist joint and with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints.  Interosseus membrane, a fibrous joint connects the bones along their shafts, stabilizing their association and maintaining their relative position.  CARPAL (WRIST) BONES  Eight carpal bones arranged in two rows of four. From outside inwards:  Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform  Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate  Held at positions by ligaments that allow a limited amount of movement.  Bones of proximal row associate with wrist joint.  Bones of distal row form joints with the metacarpal bones.  METACARPAL BONES (BONES OF HAND)  These five bones form palm of the hand.  Numbered from thumb side inward.  Proximal ends articulates with the carpal bones.  Distal ends articulates with the phalanges.  PHALANGES (FINGER BONES)  14 phalanges  3 in each finger.  Two phalanges in the thumb.  They articulates with the metacarpal bones and with each other, by hinge joint.  PELVIC GIRDLE & LOWER LIMB  The lower limb forms a joint with the trunk at the pelvic girdle. PELVIC GIRDLE:  Formed from two innominate (hip) bones.  Pelvic is the term given to the basin-shaped structure formed by the pelvic girdle and its associated sacrum.  INNOMINATE (HIP) BONES  Consists of 3 fused bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis.  Acetabulum which forms the hip joint with the almost spherical head of femur.  The ilium is the upper flattened part of the bone and its presents the iliac crest.  Ilium forms the synovial joint with the sacrum, the sacroiliac joint, a strong joint capable of absorbing the stresses of weight bearing.  Pubis is the anterior part of bone and it articulates with the pubis of the other hip bone at a cartilaginous joint, the symphysis joint.  Ischium is the inferior and the posterior part.  Union of three parts takes place in the acetabulum.  PELVIS  Formed by hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx.  It is divided in to upper and lower parts by the brim of the pelvis.  The greater or false pelvis is above the brim and the lesser or true pelvis is below.  LOWER LIMB: FEMUR (THIGH BONE)  Longest and heaviest bone of the body.  Head is almost spherical and fits into the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.  The distal extremity has two articular condyles, with which the tibia and patella form the knee joint.  The function of femur is to transmit the weight of the body through the bones below the knee to the foot.  TIBIA (SHIN BONE)  The tibia is the medial bone of two bones of the lower leg.  Proximal extremity is broad and flat and presents two condyles for articulation with the femur at the knee joint.  Distal extremity of the tibia forms the ankle joint with the talus and the fibula.  FIBULA  Long slender lateral bone in the leg.  Head or upper extremity articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia, forming the proximal tibiofibular joint and the extremity articulates with the tibia, and projects beyond it to form the lateral malleolus.  This helps to stabilize the ankle joint.  PATELLA  Roughly triangular-shaped sesamoid bone associated with the knee joint.  Its posterior surface articulates with the patellar surface of the femur in the knee joint, and its anterior surface is in the patellar tendon.  TARSAL (ANKLE) BONES  The seven tarsal bones forming the posterior part of the foot (ankle) are the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid and three cuneiform bones.  Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint.  The calcaneus forms the heal of the foot.  The other bones articulates with each other and with the metatarsal bones.  METATARSALS (BONES OF FOOT)  Five bones numbered from inside out, which form the greater part of the dorsum of the foot.  Proximally articulates with the tarsal bones.  Distally articulates with the phalanges.  Enlarged distal head of the 1st metatarsal bone forms the ‘ball’ of the foot.  PHALANGES (TOE BONES)  14 phalanges arranged in a similar manner to those in the fingers.  Two in the great toe (the hallux).  3 in each of the other toes.