Analysis of Aesthetic Elements in Literature English Presentation

g f INDIGENOUS. PERSPECTIVE Whitt, Roberts, Normal, and Grieves- The indigenous perspectives based on the indigenous peoples (Cherokees and Maoris), emphasize indigenous responsibilities to and for the natural world based on their understanding of the relatednes...

g f INDIGENOUS. PERSPECTIVE Whitt, Roberts, Normal, and Grieves- The indigenous perspectives based on the indigenous peoples (Cherokees and Maoris), emphasize indigenous responsibilities to and for the natural world based on their understanding of the relatedness or affiliation of the human and nonhuman world. A. Genealogies Potent sources of knowledge about the past and present about the natural world and the beings that inhabit it. B. Whakapapa (Maori Culture) A genealogical method of knowing or acquiring knowledge of nonhuman and human beings.  Roberts and Wills "To know oneself is to know one's whakapapa. To know about a tree, a rock, the wind, or the fishes in the sea is to know their whakapapa."  Whitt and Roberts et al It is not possible to exist without genealogies; one cannot detach from these affiliational ties (we are inherently relational to each other). One may fail to acknowledge their presence. It is also not possible to exist in such genealogies and be “outside” of nature. (being part of genealogies = being part of the natural world; humans are connected with nature). g f CHINESE. PERSPECTIVE Karyn L. Lai The Chinese world view about nature is known in what she calls correlational thinking.  A. TIAN-DI-REN VIEW The well-being of the universe is dependent on successful the cooperation of the three agents. Three Agents: 1. Tian- Heaven B. T H E W U X I N G A N D Y I N -YA N G V I E W Yin- Wuxin A Yang metaphysical concept that g It shares the idea of the five has to do with balance and elements which have to do with proportion. Harmony rather than harmony and balance identity A Woo A. White Part-. d Good B Fire B. Black Part- Good and Evil are. Eart Evil inseperable C h Meta  C. THE DAOSIT VIEW It is based on Lao Tzu's teachings that speaks about the unspeakable and primacy of nature as dao. In this view, human beings are taught to observe and follow the ways of nature. g f HINDU. PERSPECTIVE Hindu Perspective Hindu perspective on nature rooted in Vedas. Hindu Perspective emphasizes Panchamahabhutas (Five Great Elements). Earth, Air, Space, Water, and Mother as cosmic elements that sustain life. A. Shvetashvatara Upanishad, it says: The Brahman by whom this entire universe is engulfed, this creation is governed by Him and the five great elements: each element gives function. 1. Earth (Prithvi) -The mother and upholder of all. 2. Air (Vayu) -The bond and the thread which keeps the universe together. 3. Space (Akash) -The final refuge of all beings. 4. Water (Apah) -The first of the cosmic elements. 5. Light or Fire (Agni) -The spring of our life because it creates life on earth. Many hindu sacred scriptures like the Vedas emphasizes that: A. Water- Primal element B. Light or Fire- the soul, valuing nature for beauty, fertility, and protection. Hindu tradition values nature as the life source and livelihood, promoting eco-spirituality and reincamation, emphasizing the environment's role in providing nourishment. g f JEWISH. PERSPECTIVE  There is no single and unified view of nature based on Jewish teachings. This implies that anyone can approach environmental philosophy based on Jewish traditions from different vantage points depending on the issue. Jewish teachings (religion) view nature as God’s creation, with humans as tenants and stewards, it recognizes two important things: A. Theocentric ownership B. Human stewardship in practices like blessing over food and the Sabbath. Stewardship - this is what Jewish tradition advocates instead of domination or dominion. As stewards, humans beings are expected to take care of what has been entrusted to them. It is believed that the creation of Earth is not of humans beings’ creation but of God. Human beings reorient their view from being a user or exploiter to a caretake of all creation. Yishuv Ha-Aretz (The Setting of the Lord) An important Jewish practice based on its principle. This important idea emphasizes taking care of the land, ensuring space for farming and nature. Tza’ar Ba’alei Chayim (The Pain on Living Creatures) Its principle provided a specific rule on what animals are allowed to be killed and how they are killed. g f MUSLIM. PERSPECTIVE  It comes from Islam's religious and cultural tradition. Qur'an- According to its teachings, there is a clear distinction between human beings and other living creatures in nature.  It is thought that human beings are superior to other non-human living beings as much as human beings are accountable to God or Allah, unlike other living creatures. It implies that the sense of superiority of human creatures is based on the idea that they are responsible to God. A. Qur'anic Teachings Every natural entity has a role and place, following Allah's command (“amr”). B. Hadith Literature Water must be shared equally and managed responsibly. It emphasizes on safeguarding natural resources. It is concerned about treating animals such as camels and horses used during Jihad  CONTEMPORAR g f. Y ENVIRONMENT AL ETHICS  The concept of environmental ethics, specifically focusing on the work of Paul Taylor in his book "Respect for Nature." Paul Taylor defines four key areas of inquiry.  Four key areas of inquiry 1. The relationship between humans and natural ecosystems in terms of moral constraints. A. "What ethical principles, if any, we should follow in our ethical analysis of the natural environment?" B. "Is there any ethical significance to our treatment of wild animals and plants?" C. "Do we have duties and obligations toward the natural world?" D. "How do these duties and obligations differ from our duties and obligations toward our fellow human beings?"  Four key areas of inquiry moral grounds, and 2. The kind of moral constraints, standards of ethical behavior. A. "What moral constraints are involved in our action toward the natural world?" 3. The moral standard and rules A. "How do we justify our ethical standards and rules?" B. "Do the principles of environmental ethics rest on rational grounds?" C. "Can we establish valid universal principles of environmental ethics, binding upon everyone alike?"  Four key areas of inquiry 4. The effect of our moral behavior and practices on both humans and the natural environment. A. "Do environmental ethics duties ever require us to act in ways that may be contrary to human ends, and if so, when (if ever) do those duties override the fulfillment of human ends?"  TWO MAIN TYPES OF E N V I R O N M E N TA L E T H I C S Human-centered Perfectionist Ethics Ethics Emphasizes the well Emphasizes being of humans human and focuses on accomplishment principles that and the promote human development of flourishing and knowledge, happpiness. culture, and  Variant of Perfectionist Ethics A. Virtue Ethics This ethics focuses on the moral character of an individual. It evaluates the moral transgression or success based on that character. B. Deontological Ethics It does not look into one's character for evaluation of one's moral actions. It is centered around universal ethical principles based on the belief that human activities have inherent values. C. Utilitarianism For any human moral action to be considered unacceptable or unethical. It should be based on whether the consequence or outcome of the action is good or bad. What is right is what is beneficial to a more significant number of people The fewer people can benefit from the produced happiness, the less desirable the said action D. Sentientism One crucial conceptual innovation introduced in the not-so- distant past. It refers to nonhuman living being's capacity to feel pleasure or pain, it qualifies them to be given the right to be protected against harm. This concept was used by Peter Singer, a champion of animal rights. E. Extentionism It is to give a way to establish moral constraints of human action toward nonhuman living beings in nature. Extending traditional normative ethical principles to nonhuman F. Land Ethic Developed by Aldo Leopold. This views the land as a community of interdependent parts like soils, waters, plants, and animals. G. Deep Ecology Developed by a Norwegian philosopher named Arne Naess This is a new ethical approach with eight key points.  Eight Key Points of Deep Ecology 1. Both human and nonhuman life on Earth have value, regardless of their usefulness to humans. 2. The diversity of life forms is valuable in itself and helps realize these values. 3. Humans should only reduce this diversity to meet essential needs. 4. Human cultures and well-being to address  5. Current human impact on the environment is too great and worsening quickly. 6. We need to change our policies, affecting economics, technology, and beliefs, to address this issue. 7. The focus should shift from improving living standards to enhancing life quality, understanding that bigger is not always better. 8. People who agree with these ideas should work towards making these changes. Deep Ecology- An environmental philosophy and social movement based in the belief that humans must radically change their relationship to nature. From people valuing nature solely for its usefulness to one that recognizes that nature has an inherent value. Shallow Ecology- Address issues in a limited and short-term manner. The political or philosophical position within Ecologism that holds the idea that the protection and conservation of the environment should only be practiced when beneficial to humans. Ecosophy T It is proposed by Arne Naess (Father of Deep Ecology) Served as his spiritual and ecological muse. Its center is the idea of developing an environmental selfhood, leading to the ideal of environmental self- realization.  Ecofeminism A philosophical and political movement that combines ecological concerns with feminist ones, regarding both as resulting from male domination of society. A. Alicia Helda Puleo -She sees ecofeminism as her work that centers on addressing the systemic causes of ecological damage which include: 1. Patriarchy 2. Capitalism 3. Androcentrism She advocates for an ethical framework that prioritizes equality, caring, and connectivity. B. Victoria Davion Founder and editor of the journal, Ethics & The Environment, and a celebrated scholar of ecofeminism and environmental ethics. According to her, there is inequality happening in social, political, economic, and cultural systems that perpetuate inequality and subordination of women compared to C. Karren J. Warren -"The Logic of Domination." Moral superiority of humans or group of humans and claims that this superiority justifies the subordination of interior groups. Taylor - A moral agent is any being that possesses those capacities by which it can act morally or immorally, can have duties and responsibilities, and can be held accountable for what it does. A. Moral agent- "any being that can be treated rightly or wrongly and toward whom moral agents can have duties THANK YOU GROUP 5