Well Logging PDF

Zagazig University Faculty of Science Geology Department Well Logging Prepared by Prof. Dr. Ashraf Ghoneimi Dr. Muhammad Nabih Professor of Applied Geophysics Asst.Professor of...

Zagazig University Faculty of Science Geology Department Well Logging Prepared by Prof. Dr. Ashraf Ghoneimi Dr. Muhammad Nabih Professor of Applied Geophysics Asst.Professor of Well logging Ahmed Mohamed Bakry Teaching Assistant of Geophysics  Course Specification Program(s) on which the course is given: Geology - chemistry Major or Selective element of Program: major Department offering the Program: Geology Department offering the course: Geology Academic level: Fourth year Credit hours First semester Academic year: 2023-2024 Date of department council: A-Basic Information: Title: well logging Code: G 401 Lecture: 2h/ w Practical:1h/ w Total: 3h/ w B-Professional Information: 1 - Overall Aims of Course: * Understanding the basic concepts and importance of the well logging methods. * Improving the practical skills in field survey and measurements of the well logging methods. * Developing specific interpretation techniques of well logging measurements according to the field and market requirements. ◘ Offering a "hands-on" approach to basic open hole well log analysis and interpretation. ◘ Focusing on the traditional interpretation targets of lithology, porosity, and fluid saturation. ◘ Introducing a variety of interpretation techniques: computational to visual and the use of some older techniques in the context of the availability of newer data. ◘ Considering the use of other well-bore data (cores, tests, etc.) to enhance, support and confirm the interpretation of well log data. 2- Intended learning outcomes (ILOs): a- Knowledge and understanding: a.1- Understand the principles and theories of the well logging methods. a.2- Know the different uses and importance of the well logging methods. a.3- Recognize the main elements of the instruments used well logging methods. a.4- Identify the concept of policy and field requirements for the well logging methods. a.5-Approach the principles of well logging data analysis, presentation and interpretation to obtain good results. a.6- Know the mathematics and physics bases and theories of logging methods. a.7- List the application of logging methods. a.8- Define the concept of policy and field requirements for each logging methods. b- Intellectual skills b.1- Select the suitable field measurement technique for well logging methods according to the conditions of the study area. b.2- Develop the ability for overcoming the problems in the field application. b.3- Differentiate between different applications of well logging methods. b 4- Modify using of the well logging methods measured field data to get satisfactory information. b.5- Develop the ability of thinking in a creative way to discuss the obtained well logging results and report the conclusions. c- Professional and practical skills: c.1- Perfect the skills of well logging data analyzing and interpretations. c.2- Manage the presentation of well logging data (formation evaluation) to conclude a satisfactory geological information. c.3- Train the skills of design an exploration project in varying geological conditions. c.4- Train the ability to write the final exploration reports. c.5- Demonstrate the difference between the types of instruments used in the logging surveys.  c.6- Use the computer applications in data processing. d- General and transferable skills: d.1- Develop the ability to treatment of different social situations and team work in field survey and writing a scientific reports and essays. d.2- Improve the skills of dealing with the computers in the well logging data analyses and interpretation. d.3- Train for the effective communication (with peoples and organizations), solve problems and time management skills. d.4- Improve the ability to achieve self-education and development. 3- Contents: Topic No. of hours Lecture Practical Principles and mathematics bases. 3 1 1 Introduction to Logging Methods 6 2 2 Self-potential and natural gamma ray 2 Electrode resistivity/induction devices, 6 2 2 Porosity/density devices 2 Mechanical devices 6 2 2 Acoustic/optical/radar devices 2 Quality Assurance 15 5 5 Presentations 5 4- Teaching and Learning Methods Teaching and Learning Methods ILOs 4.1- Normal teaching methods using white- and black-board a.1, a.2, a.3, a.4, a.6, a.7, a.8 in the classroom. 4.2- Preparing some subjects and essay (included in the b.1, b.2, b.4, b.5 course). 4.3- Self learning by visiting library b.3, c.2, c.6.0 5- Student Assessment Methods Student Assessment Methods ILOs 5.1- Written examinations (essay or MCQ) to assess a.3, a.7, b.1, b.2, b.3, b.5 knowledge and understanding skills. 5.2- Practical examination to assess knowledge, c.1, c.2, c.3, c.5, c.6 understanding and intellectual skills. 5.3- Oral examination to assess understanding and intellectual a.3, b.1, d.1, d.2, d.3, d.4 skills. Assessment Schedule: Assessment 1: Through the lecture, at the end of each topics (written exercises). Assessment 2: Mid-term examination (written examination) week 7. Assessment 3: Final first semester examination (written, oral and practical) Week 14. Weighting of Assessments: Semester work 10 % Mid-term examination 10 % Oral examination. 10% Final-term examination 70% Other types of assessment -- % Total 100% 6- List of References: 6.1- Basic Well Log Analysis (Second Edition). 6.2- Essential Books (Text Books) -An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration, Philip Kearey. - The essentials of log interpretation practice by Schlumberger (z-lib.org). 6.3- Recommended Books; - Principles of Applied Geophysics, D. S. Parasinis - Geophysical Methods in Geology, P.V. Sharma 6.4- Batman 2 Openhole-Log-Analysis-and-Formation-Evaluation. 7- Facilities Required for Teaching and Learning: - Suitable teaching classrooms provided with computers, data shows. -Erasable pens, overhead projectors and slide projectors. Course Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Ashraf Ghonemi and Dr. Muhammad Nabih Head of Department: Prof. Dr. Abeer kenawy Date of department council: Course Matrix (Well logging -G.441) Skills Topics Knowledge and Intellectual Professional and General and Transfer Understanding Practical a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 Principles and X X X X X mathematics bases. Introduction to X X Logging Methods Self-potential and X X natural gamma ray Electrode X X X X X resistivity/induction devices, Porosity/density X X devices Mechanical devices X X Acoustic/optical/radar X X devices Quality Assurance X X X X  Part (1) Principles of well logging  Principles of well logging Principles of well logging 1 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging 2 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging 3 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging 4 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging 5 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging 6 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Vertical Well: RT: is the Rotary Table MD: is the Measured Depth which is the distance between the rotary table to the end of well. KB: is the Kelly Bushing which is the distance between rotary table & the mean seal level (MSL) MDss: is the Measured depth subsea which is the distance between mean sea level (MSL) to the end of well (MDss=MD-KB). 7 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Deviated Well (Directional): TVD: True Vertical Depth which is the vertical distance from a point in the well to a point at the rotary table. TVDss: true Vertical Depth Sub Sea which is the vertical distance from a point in the well to the mean seal level. MD: Measured Depth (always>TVD) Ө: Angle of inclination which is angle of deviated well with respect to its vertical origin A: Azimuth which is angle of deviated well with respect to Magnetic North Pole. NOTES:  If the well is vertical, TVD = MD  The difference between TVD & TVDss is always = KB  Most of wells are not 100% vertical (have a deviation about 1 or 2 degree at the end of well).  The best algorism calculation used in deviation survey is Minimum Curvature Algorism.  KB & GL values sometimes have negative (-ve) values if the survey area location if it below the Mean Sea Level (MSL). 8 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Aim of well logging: Evaluation of subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations What is a log?  Well log is a continuous record of measurement made in bore hole that respond to variation in some physical properties of rocks through which the bore hole is drilled.  The systematic recording of rock properties and its fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).  The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well. 9 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Log acquisition: 10 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Types of Well Logging Logs can be classified into several types under different category Permeability and lithology Logs Gamma Ray log Self Potential [SP] log Caliber log Porosity Logs Density log Sonic log Neutron log Electrical Logs Resistivity Log 11 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging The borehole environment: Gamma Ray  Measures Natural radioactivity  Main radioactive elements: - Potassium - Thorium - Uranium  K and TH mostly in shales  U from other sources  Primary use a basic lithology indicator (sand/shale) 12 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Gamma ray log: 1- Records radioactivity of a formation 2- Shales have high gamma radioactive response 3- Gamma ray logs are most commonly used logs for sequence stratigraphic analysis. 4- Gamma Rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves which are emitted by atomic nuclei as a form of radiation. 5- Gamma ray log is measurement of natural radioactivity in formation versus depth. 6- It measures the radiation emitting from naturally occurring U, Th, and K. 7- It is also known as shale log. 8- GR log reflects shale or clay content. 9- Clean formations have low radioactivity level. Uses:  Correlation between wells,  Determination of bed boundaries,  Evaluation of shale content within a formation,  Mineral analysis, GR log can be run in both open and cased hole Notes: All rocks contain some radioactive material, although marine shales have a higher gamma ray emission level than sandstone, limestone and dolomite. This difference 13 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging makes the gamma ray log especially useful for distinguishing shales from non- shales, therefore the gamma ray is essentially a lithology log. Shale volume 14 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging 15 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Spontaneous potential  Record the difference in voltage between a moving electrode in the borehole and a reference electrode at the surface usually located at the mud pit.  In order to record a potential the hole must contain conductive mud, as it cannot be recorded in air or oil-base mud.  Logging rate is approximately 1500m per hour and recordings are continuous. Application: QUANTITATIVE USES  Formation Water Resistivity (Rw)  Determination Shale Volume Indicator QUALITATIVE USES  Detecting permeable beds  Correlation from well to well  Facies 16 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Factors affect the Sp How to read a log: 17 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging Shale and clean sand beds along with the idealized response of SP logging Shale Volume Calculation Shale Base Line The definition of s.p zero is made on thick shale intervals where s.p does not move to the left or right is called shale base line. Static sp: (ssp) The theoretical maximum deflection of s.p opposite permeable beds is called static s.p or ssp. It is maximum possible s.p opposite a permeable water bearing formation with no shale. Pseudo SP: (PSP) Any deflection less than (SSP) 18 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry  Principles of well logging General Log responses 19 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Part (2) Practical Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (1) Estimation of Formation Temperature 1- If the surface temperature is 75° F, BHT is 196° F, total depth is 7900 m and the depth of the formation is 4170 m. Calculate the temperature at the depth of this formation. 2- If the BHT temperature is 200° F, Surface temperature (60), total depth is 10000 Ft. and the depth of the formation is 6000 Ft. Calculate the temperature at the depth of this formation. Resistivity of NaCl Solutions 1- Using the above estimation temperature to calculate the Resistivity of solution. If salinity is 130000 PPM. 2- If the estimation temperature is 300° F and salinity is 100000 PPM. Calculate the Resistivity of solution. Rmf and Rmc Estimation from Rm 1- If the Resistivity of mud is 1.2 ohm.m and the mud density is 1558 kg/m3. Calculate the resistivity of mud filtrate and resistivity of mud cake. 2- If the Resistivity of mud is 0.8 ohm.m and the mud density is 14 Ib/gal. Calculate the resistivity of mud filtrate and resistivity of mud cake. 43 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Calculation of Temperature 44 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Resistivity of Nacl solution 45 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 46 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Solutions 47 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (2) Determination of formation water Resistivity 1- If the bed thickness is 8 Ft, RI/Rm is 30 and the spontaneous potential is - 76.9 mv. Calculate the static spontaneous potential (SSP). 2- Using the SSP calculating above to calculate Rweq if estimation temperature (Td) is 200° F and Rmfeq is 1.5 ohm.m. 3- Using the above Rweq and same Td to calculate formation water Resistivity (Rw). 4- If Td is 220° F, SSP is -80 mv and Rmfeq is 0.25 ohm.m. Calculate the following: a- Rweq. b- Formation water resistivity. 48 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Rw Calculation Step (1) 49 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Step (2) 50 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Step (3) 51 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Solutions 52 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (3) Calculating the volume of shale (Vsh) 1- If the GR log is 28 gAPI, GRmin is 15 gAPI and the GRmax is 128 gAPI. Calculate the shale volume. (Consolidated and un-consolidated) 2- If the GR log is 67 gAPI, GRmin is 25 gAPI and the GRmax is 130 gAPI. Calculate the shale volume. (Lower Miocene rock) 3- If the GR log is 50 gAPI, GRmin is 20 gAPI and the GRmax is 110 gAPI. Calculate the shale volume. (Paleozoic rock) 4- From cutting descriptions on the mudlog it is known that the log interval in the left consists of sand interbedded with shales. Determine: a- Tops and Bottoms of sand (reservoir) sections. b- Thickness of individual sand layers. c- Total thickness of sand (Net reservoir). d- Fraction of reservoir within total sand sequence (Net/Gross). e- Calculate the shale volume. 53 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Solutions 54 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (4)  Mineral Identification from Litho-Density* Log and NGS* Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log Example: ThNGScor = 10.6 ppm UNGScor = 4.5 ppm KNGScor = 3.9% Pe = 3.2 giving Th/K = 10.6/3.9 = 2.7 Plotting these parameters on Chart CP-18 55 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 56 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (5) Determination of Porosity A- Porosity from Density log 1- When the bulk density is 2.31 gm/cc and matrix density is 2.71 gm/cc. Calculate the porosity. (If the formation is salt water mud) 2- When the bulk density is 2.65 gm/cc and matrix density is 2.87 gm/cc. Calculate the porosity. (If the formation is salt water mud) B- Porosity from Sonic log 1- When the interval transit time is 63 microsec/ft and ∆t ma is 26.000 ft/sec. Calculate the porosity. (If the formation is salt water mud) 2- When the interval transit time is 75 microsec/ft and ∆t ma is 55.5 microsec/ft. Calculate the porosity. (If the formation is fresh water mud) C- Porosity from Neutron 1- If the formation is sandstone and the apparent limestone porosity is 20 %. If the Neutron measured by SNL or CNL. Calculate corrected porosity. 2- If the formation is limestone and the apparent limestone porosity is 0.30. Calculate corrected porosity. 57 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 58 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 59 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 60 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Solutions 61 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (6) Determination of Rt and Rxo 1- When Deep Resistivity (RID) is 70 ohm.m, Medium Resistivity (RIM) is 105 ohm.m and Shallow Resistivity (RSFL) is 320 ohm.m. Calculate Rt and Rxo. 2- When Deep Resistivity (RLLD) is 16 ohm.m, Medium Resistivity (RLLS) is 10 ohm.m and Shallow Resistivity (RMSFL) is 4.5 ohm.m. Calculate Rt and Rxo. Determination of Hydrocarbon Saturation 1- If the Resistivity of formation water is 0.05 ohm.m, Total porosity is 20 % and True Resistivity is 10 ohm.m. Calculate Sw and Sh. 2- If the Resistivity of formation water is 0.09 ohm.m, Total porosity is 0.135 and True Resistivity is 25 ohm.m. Calculate Sw and Sh. 62 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 63 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 64 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 65 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Solutions 66 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (7)  Interpret the following log data 67 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (8)  Interpret the following log data 68 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (9)  Determine the different lithologic units in the following composite log.  Detect the OWC and the GOC. 69 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (10)  Interpret the following log data 70 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (11) 1) In the following log, determine the permeable and impermeable zones and then calculate the accurate Vsh for all zones. 71 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 2) Interpreted the following log qualitatively. 3) Complete the following borehole environment: 72 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (12) A) For the shown log: 1. Divide the log into sections which you believe to be of the same lithology. 2. Indicate permeable and impermeable intervals. Mark the zones of caving or sloughing if present. 73 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. B) Interpret the following log 74 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (13) 1) Interpret and explain the following log. 75 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. 2) Draw in sketch, the following sequence, using GR log: layers GR log curve 0 140 Shale Sand Shaly Sand Sandy Shale Sand Shale 76 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (14)  Complete Formation Evaluation: Use the available log chart to evaluate the sandstone reservoir of the lower Miocene age. The well was drilled with salt-water mud and probability of gas in the reservoir. 1- Calculation of Rw Depth Ts BHT Total depth Td Ri/Rm Bed thickness 12925 40°F 101.2°F 13175 200 4 SP Correction SP SSP Rmfe/Rwe Rmfe Rwe Rw factor -12 0.35 2- Calculation of Vsh Depth GRlog GRmin GRmax IGR Vsh 12925 50 20 110 3- Calculation of total porosity Depth ρb ρ ma ρf Φd ∆tlog ∆tma ∆tf φs φa φn φt 12925 2.55 2.65 75.05 55.6 0.125 4- Calculation of hydrocarbon saturation Depth RLLD RLLS RMSFL RLLD/RMSFL RLLD/RLLS Rt/RLLD 12925 18 9 3 Rt Rt/Rxo Rxo Di (m) Di (in) Sw Sh 77 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. Well Logging Lab. (15)  Complete Formation Evaluation: A- Use the available log data in table below to evaluate the sandstone reservoir of the Paleozoic age. The well was drilled with salt-water mud and probability of oil in the reservoir. 1- Calculation of Rw Depth Ts BHT Total depth Td Ri/Rm Bed thickness 12800 40°F 101.2°F 13050 100 7 SP Correction SP SSP Rmfe/Rwe Rmfe Rwe Rw factor -35 0.5 2- Calculation of total porosity Depth ρb ρ ma ρf Φd ∆tlog ∆tma ∆tf φs Φa φn φt 12800 2.55 2.65 80.8 55.6 0.22 3- Calculation of hydrocarbon saturation Depth RLLD RLLS RMSFL RLLD/RMSFL RLLD/RLLS Rt/RLLD 12800 25 12 6 Di Di Rt Rt/Rxo Rxo Sw Sh (m) (in) 78 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry Zagazig University 4th Year Geology-Chemistry, 2023-2024 Faculty of Science Well logging Department of Geology Student Name:……………………….. B- Calculate the shale volume in the following GR interval and detect reservoir layers (sand). 79 Dr. Muhammad Nabih Ahmed Bakry