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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of the course?
What is the main focus of the course?
Understanding well logging methods and their practical applications.
Which of the following is a major aim of well logging?
Which of the following is a major aim of well logging?
The course is offered during the second semester.
The course is offered during the second semester.
False
List two intended learning outcomes of the course.
List two intended learning outcomes of the course.
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The code for the Well Logging course is ___.
The code for the Well Logging course is ___.
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How many total credit hours does the Well Logging course offer?
How many total credit hours does the Well Logging course offer?
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What is the total lecture and practical hours per week for the course?
What is the total lecture and practical hours per week for the course?
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Which of the following topics is covered in the course?
Which of the following topics is covered in the course?
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Match the following well logging methods with their corresponding devices:
Match the following well logging methods with their corresponding devices:
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What is the course code for Well Logging?
What is the course code for Well Logging?
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Which semester is the Well Logging course offered?
Which semester is the Well Logging course offered?
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The course Well Logging is a selective element of the program.
The course Well Logging is a selective element of the program.
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Who are the instructors for the Well Logging course?
Who are the instructors for the Well Logging course?
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What is one of the overall aims of the Well Logging course?
What is one of the overall aims of the Well Logging course?
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What are the intended learning outcomes related to knowledge and understanding?
What are the intended learning outcomes related to knowledge and understanding?
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The Well Logging course has a total of ___ hours of lectures and practical sessions combined.
The Well Logging course has a total of ___ hours of lectures and practical sessions combined.
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Match the following topics to their corresponding number of hours:
Match the following topics to their corresponding number of hours:
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How many hours are dedicated to Quality Assurance in the course?
How many hours are dedicated to Quality Assurance in the course?
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The Well Logging course has no practical sessions.
The Well Logging course has no practical sessions.
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Study Notes
Well Logging Course
- Course Title: Well Logging
- Course Code: G 401
- Academic Level: Fourth Year
- Credit Hours: 3 hours/week
- Semester: First Semester
- Academic Year: 2023-2024
Course Aims
- Understand basic concepts and importance of well logging methods.
- Improve practical field survey and measurement skills for well logging.
- Develop specific interpretation techniques for well logging measurements.
- Employ a hands-on approach to basic open-hole well log analysis and interpretation, focusing on traditional targets like lithology, porosity, and fluid saturation.
- Introduce various computational and visual interpretation techniques, considering newer data and well-bore data (like cores, tests) to enhance and confirm interpretations.
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
- Knowledge and Understanding: Understand principles and theories of well logging methods, uses and importance of methods, recognize instrument elements, identify policy and field requirements for methods, and approach the principles of log data analysis, presentation, and interpretation.
- Intellectual Skills: Select appropriate field techniques, develop problem-solving abilities, differentiate between method applications, modify well logging methods for satisfactory information, and analyze well logging results in creative ways to report conclusions.
- Professional and Practical Skills: Perfect data analyzing and interpreting skills, manage data presentation, train exploration project design skills, train report-writing skills, and demonstrate differences between logging survey instrument types.
Teaching and Learning Methods
- Normal teaching methods (whiteboard/blackboard)
- Subjects and essay preparation
- Self-learning through library resources
Student Assessment Methods
- Written examinations (essay or MCQ)
- Practical examinations
- Oral examinations
Course Content
- Principles and mathematics bases (3 hours)
- Introduction to Logging Methods (6 hours)
- Self-potential and natural gamma ray (6 hours)
- Electrode resistivity/induction devices (6 hours)
- Porosity/density devices (6 hours)
- Mechanical devices (6 hours)
- Acoustic/optical/radar devices (2 hours)
- Quality Assurance (15 hours)
- Presentations (5 hours)
Facilities Required for Teaching
- Suitable class rooms with computers, data projectors, and slide projectors.
List of References
- Basic Well Log Analysis (Second Edition)
- Essential Books (Text Books) - An introduction to Geophysical Exploration, Philip Kearey.
- Principles of Applied Geophysics by D. S. Parasinis
- Geophysical methods in Geology by P.V. Sharma
Petrophysics
- Defined as the physical and chemical properties of rocks related to pore fluid distribution and crucial for hydrocarbon detection/evaluation.
- Key petrophysical parameters: Porosity, water saturation, and permeability
- Basic Measurements include Porosity and permeability assessment.
- Hydrocarbon Saturation can be directly measured from electric logs and indirectly from other logs.
Porosity
- Total Porosity: Ratio of pore volume to bulk volume.
- Effective Porosity: Ratio of interconnected pore volume to the bulk volume.
Resistivity
- Measure of rock material's resistance to electrical current flow.
- Influenced by water salinity, temperature, porosity, pore geometry, rock composition, and formation stress.
Permeability
-
Measure of a porous rock's ability to transmit fluids (measured in darcy).
-
Permeability theory: directly relates flow rate (-k * A * ΔP) / (Δl * μ) to permeability (k), fluid viscosity (μ), pressure difference (ΔP), length (Δl), and cross-sectional area (A).
-
Porosity and Permeability Relationship for sandstone reservoirs commonly show a positive relationship, but for carbonate reservoirs the relationship is more complex.
Water Saturation
- Saturation percentage of porosity occupied by a specific fluid phase within the total bulk volume.
- Relationship: Sw (Water Saturation) + So (Oil Saturation) + Sg (Gas Saturation) = 100%
Deviated Wells
- TVD: True Vertical Depth, distance from a point in the well to the rotary table.
- TVDss: True Vertical Depth Subsea, vertical distance from a point in the well to the mean sea level.
- MD: Measured Depth.
- A: Azimuth
- The relationship between TVD, TVDss and MD is important to consider in deviated wells.
Well Logs
- A continuous record of measurements made in a bore hole.
- Responding to variations in physical properties of rocks.
- Include systematic recordings of rock properties and fluid content.
Log Acquisition
- Wireline Logging, Logging while Drilling(LWD)
Types of Well Logs
- Permeability and lithology logs (Gamma Ray, Self Potential (SP), Caliper logs)
- Porosity logs (Density, Sonic, Neutron logs)
- Electrical logs (Resistivity logs)
Borehole Environment:
- Gamma ray log measures natural radioactivity.
- Main radioactive elements: Potassium, Thorium, Uranium. K and TH occur mostly in shales.
- U from other sources.
- Primary use: indicates lithology (sand/shale).
- Gamma ray responses vary depending on minerals and lithologies.
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
- Records voltage difference between a moving electrode and a reference (mud pit).
- Requires conductive mud (not oil-based).
- Continuous recordings (approximately 1500 m per hour).
Factors affecting Spontaneous Potential (SP)
- Rmf/Rw Ratio: Ratio of mud filtrate resistivity to formation water resistivity affects SP deflections.
- Fresh mud: Higher Rmf results in + Ve SP.
- Saline mud: Lower Rmf results in -ve SP.
How to read an SP log:
- Sand with lower Rw than Rmf shows less deflection.
- Reverse deflection in sand indicates higher Rw: Formation water is fresher than mud filtrate.
Shale Volume Calculation
- Shale volume is often calculated using GR log measurements (GR responses to shale and clean formation).
- Methods and formulas for various rock types are used (Tertiary, Older Rocks)
Other Laboratory Topics & Calculations
- Temperature, Resistivity Calculations
- Determination of Rmf and Rmc from Rm
- Hydrocarbon Saturation
- Various Log evaluations (Chart uses relating different log parameters).
Additional Notes
- The provided documents contain detailed analyses of logs, practical exercises (like calculations), chart uses for specific situations and interpretations.
- Comprehensive procedures and step-by-step approaches for evaluation including calculations are described.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts related to the Well Logging course offered in the second semester. This quiz covers major aims, intended learning outcomes, and specific well logging methods. Assess your understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of the course.
