Organic Chemistry Past Paper PDF - Ben-Suef University

Organic chemistry Simple Mono-Functional groups 2st year students Prof. Dr. SYED ABDELKADER AHMED Professor of Organic Chemistry Dr. / Ali Hassan Mohamed 1-1 Lecture of organic chemistry 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6  This course aims to...

Organic chemistry Simple Mono-Functional groups 2st year students Prof. Dr. SYED ABDELKADER AHMED Professor of Organic Chemistry Dr. / Ali Hassan Mohamed 1-1 Lecture of organic chemistry 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6  This course aims to: Recognize the students with the basic information about properties and reactions of simple Mon-functional groups. Collect, analyze, and present theoretical techniques that used for preparation and reactions of different organic compounds. Characterize and identify the solid and liquid organic compounds. 1-7  weeks No. of Course Topics Lectures Practical hours Introduction to Mon-functional groups. 1 1 1 - 2,3 Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of alcohols. 2 2 - 4 Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of ethers. 1 1 - 5,6 Mono-function group 2h/w Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of aldehydes. 1 2 - Midterm 7 1 1 - 8,9 Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of ketones. 1 1 - Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids. 10,11 2 2 - Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids 12 derivatives 1 1 - Nomenclature, preparation and reactions of amines 13 1 1 - Oral exams 14 1 1 - Revision 15 2 1 - 1-8  Weight of assessments Assessment Weight assessment Mid-term exam 30 Practical exams 60 Final exams 210 Total 300 1-9 1-10  Figure 1.1 The position of carbon in the periodic table. 1-11  Diversity and Reactivity of Organic Molecules Many organic compounds contain heteroatoms, atoms other than C and H. – The most common of these are O, N, and the halogens. Most reactions involve the interaction of electron rich area in one molecule with an electron poor site in another. – C–C bonds and C–H bonds tend to be unreactive. – Bonds between C and a heteroatom are usually polar, creating an imbalance in electron density and providing a site for reactions to occur. 1-12  Carbon Skeletons Each C atom can form a maximum of 4 bonds. Groups joined by a single bond can rotate, so there are often several different arrangements of a given carbon skeleton that are equivalent: 1-13  Alkanes Hydrocarbons contain only C and H. Alkanes or Parafines are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds and are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons. The general formula for an alkane is CnH2n+2, where n is any positive integer. Alkanes comprise a homologous series, a group of compounds in which each member differs from the next by a –CH2– group. 1-14  Naming Organic Compounds The name of any organic compound is comprised of three portions: PREFIX + ROOT + SUFFIX The root name of the compound is determined from the number of C atoms in the longest continuous chain. The suffix indicates the type of organic compound, and is placed after the root. The suffix for an alkane is –ane. The prefix identifies any groups attached to the main chain. 1-15  Table 1.1 Numerical Roots for Carbon Chains and Branches Roots Number of C Atoms meth- 1 eth- 2 prop- 3 but- 4 pent- 5 hex- 6 hept- 7 oct- 8 non- 9 dec- 10 1-16  Table 1.2 Rules for Naming an Organic Compound 1-17  Figure 1.5 Ways of depicting the alkane 3-ethyl- 2-methylhexane. 1-18  Figure 1.7 Formulas, molar masses (in g/mol), structures, and boiling points (at 1 atm pressure) of the first 10 unbranched alkanes. Alkanes are nonpolar and their physical properties are determined by the dispersion forces between their molecules. 1-19  Preparation of alkanes (1) Formation / destruction of Grignard reagents 1-20  Preparation of alkanes (2) Wurtz reaction 1-21  Chemical reactions of alkanes (1) Combustion of alkanes (2) Halogenation of alkanes 1-22  Functional Groups Organic compounds are classified according to their functional groups, a group of atoms bonded in a particular way. The functional groups in a compound determine both its physical properties and its chemical reactivity. Functional groups affect the polarity of a compound, and therefore determine the intermolecular forces it exhibits. Functional groups define the regions of high and low electron density in a compound, thus determining its reactivity. 1-23  Table 1.5 Important Functional Groups in Organic Compounds 1-24  Table 1.5 Important Functional Groups in Organic Compounds 1-25  Alkenes A hydrocarbon that contains at least one C=C bond is called an alkene or olefins. Alkenes are unsaturated and have the general formula CnH2n. To name an alkene, the root name is determined by the number of C atoms in the longest chain that also contains the double bond. The C chain is numbered from the end closest to the double bond. The suffix for alkenes is –ene. 1-26  Alkenes A hydrocarbon that contains at least one C=C bond is called an alkene. Alkenes are unsaturated and have the general formula CnH2n. To name an alkene, the root name is determined by the number of C atoms in the longest chain that also contains the double bond. The C chain is numbered from the end closest to the double bond. The suffix for alkenes is –ene. 1-27  Alkynes An alkyne or Acetylenes is a hydrocarbon that contains at least one CΞC triple bond. Alkynes have the general formula CnH2n-2 and they are also considred unsaturated carbons. Alkynes are named in the same way as alkenes, using the suffix –yne. 1-28  Sample Problem 1.2 Naming Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes PROBLEM: Give the systematic name for each of the following, indicate the chiral center in part (d), and draw two geometric isomers for part (e). PLAN: For (a) to (c), we find the longest continuous chain (root) and add the suffix –ane because there are only single bonds. Then we name the branches, numbering the C chain from the end closest to the first branch. For (d) and (e) the longest chain must include the double bond. 1-29  Sample Problem 1.2 SOLUTION: 2,3-dimethylbutane 3,4-dimethylhexane 1-30  Sample Problem 1.2 3-methyl-1-pentene cis-2,3-dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,3-dimethyl-3-hexene 1-31  Preparation of alkenes (1) Dehydration of alcohol 1-32  Preparation of alkenes (2) Dehydrogenation 1-33  Reactions of alkenes (1) Addition of hydrogen halides Markownikov's rule ( ionic mechanism ) The hydrogen atom is attaches itself to the c-atom contains largest number of hydrogen's. 1-34 1-35  Figure 1.14 A color test for C=C bonds. Br2 (in pipet) reacts with a compound This compound has no C=C that has a C=C bond, and the orange- bond, so the Br2 does not react. brown color of Br2 disappears. 1-36  Reactions of alkynes (1) Polymerization (2) Ozonolysis 1-37 1-38  (3) Hydration of alkynes 1-39  Mechanism Hydration of alkynes 1-40 1-41 1-42 Choose the most correct answer 1- Hexene is categorized as: a) parrafines b) olifines c) acetylenes d) Aliphatic Amines 2-CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 is structural formula for: a-2-methylpropane b-2-pentane c-3-methylbutane d-2-methylbutane 3-Effect of H2O in presence of (H2SO4/HgSO4) on Propyne( CH3C≡CH) would afford which of the following: a) Acetone b) 2-propanol c) Acetaldehyd d) propane 1-43 1-44