Organic Chemistry Lecture 1 PDF - Functional Groups | University of Nicosia

 MED-108 Organic Chemistry Lecture 1 LOBs covered Identify specific functional groups of organic compounds. Categorize organic compounds in particular families. Name the first ten straight-chain alkanes. Identify common alkyl groups by name and structure. Convert Lewis structures t...

 MED-108 Organic Chemistry Lecture 1 LOBs covered Identify specific functional groups of organic compounds. Categorize organic compounds in particular families. Name the first ten straight-chain alkanes. Identify common alkyl groups by name and structure. Convert Lewis structures to skeletal form, and vice versa. Families of Organic Compounds 50 million known organic compounds If each of them had unique chemical properties, the field of organic chemistry would be utterly chaotic Fortunately, we can place organic compounds in families on the basis of common structural features Chemical properties depend on the presence of specific structural features  Example Different looks Different price BUT Similar behaviour Functional Groups Functional groups are specific structural features These can be shared by a large number of organic compounds Ensure similar chemical properties despite possibly large differences in overall structure  Example - Alcohols Ethanol Cholesterol -OH Hydroxyl group common to both Selected Functional Groups Carbon-Carbon Double or Triple Bonds Alkenes Alkynes Arenes Aromatic Alkenes Selected Functional Groups Carbon – single bond – electronegative atom Alkyl halides Primary Secondary Tertiary Halogen X: F, Cl, Br, I Selected Functional Groups Carbon – single bond – hydroxyl group Alcohols -OH Hydroxyl group Selected Functional Groups Carbon – single bond – electronegative atom (O) Ethers  Selected Functional Groups Carbon – single bond – electronegative atom (phosphate group) Phosphates Selected Functional Groups Carbon – single bond – electronegative atom (N) Amines Selected Functional Groups Carbon – single bond – electronegative atom (S) Thiols Sulfides Disulfides used to reduce disulfide bonds and can act as a biological antioxidant Selected Functional Groups Carbon-oxygen double bonded (Carbonyl group) Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic acid Ester Amide Organic Nomenclature Alkane family names form the basis of all organic nomenclature Number of carbons Name Chemical formula 1 Methane CH4 2 Ethane C2H6 3 Propane C3H8 4 Butane C4H10 5 Pentane C5H12 6 Hexane C6H14 7 Heptane C7H16 8 Octane C8H18 9 Nonane C9H20 10 Decane C10H22 Naming alkanes: prefix + -ane Alkane Family Fully saturated (full number of H atoms) Only single covalent bonds involved General Chemical Formula = CnH2n+2 Example of Nomenclature Methanol Ethanol Propanol Alkanes – Different Structures Lewis or Kekulé structures Alkanes – Different Structures Condensed structures Can also be written as CH3(CH2)nCH3 Alkanes – Different Structures Skeletal structures 2 4 4 Cs 1 3 Alkanes – Different Structures Summary Lewis structure Condensed  Branches on alkanes Many alkanes have branches off the main chain Step 1: find the longest continuous C chain in the molecule → core of the naming Step 2: number the Cs on the longest chain Step 3: the branches should be on the lowest possible number Branched alkanes – Alkyl Groups Alkyl groups are alkanes missing a hydrogen sec- secondary: attached to a C that holds another 2Cs tert- tertiary: attached to a C that holds another 3Cs Alkanes – Different Ways of Writing Structures same compound → butane, C4H10 What is the longest chain? What is the longest chain?