ADDA Study Guide - Digital Imaging & Editing

Definitions Any pixels in white are hidden in the Color Burn & Linear Burn. ¾ Color Burn: Looks at the color information in each channel and darkens the base color to reflect the blend color by increasing the contrast. Blending with white pro...

Definitions Any pixels in white are hidden in the Color Burn & Linear Burn. ¾ Color Burn: Looks at the color information in each channel and darkens the base color to reflect the blend color by increasing the contrast. Blending with white produces no change. ¾ Linear Burn Looks at the color information in each channel and darkens the base color to reflect the blend color by decreasing the brightness. Blending with white produces no change ¾ Color Dodge Similar to Screening, Color Dodge will always result in a lighter image—except the contrast will be turned waaaay up Any pixels in black are hidden in color dodge and screening. These terms are based on darkroom experiences of exposing to light longer to make it darker (burn) and avoiding light (dodge) to keep it lighter. Dodge makes lighter - not giving as much exposure to light, making it pale. Burn makes is darker - adding more light to burn the image. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information GIF The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is an 8-bit-per-pixel bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. The format uses a palette of up to 256 distinct colors from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of 256 colors for each frame. The color limitation makes the GIF format unsuitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with continuous color, but it is well-suited for more simple images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of color. GIF images are compressed using the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. This compression technique was patented in 1985. Controversy over the licensing agreement between the patent holder, Unisys, and CompuServe in 1994 inspired the development of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) standard; since then all the relevant patents have expired. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information J P E G (JPG) The name "JPEG" stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, roup the name of the committee that created the standard. The group was organized in 1986, issuing a standard in 1992, which was approved in 1994 as ISO 10918-1. JPEG is distinct from MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), which produces compression schemes for video. The JPEG standard specifies both the codec, which defines how an image is compressed into a stream of bytes and decompressed back into an image, and the file format used to contain that stream In computing, JPEG (pronounced JAY-peg) is a commonly used method of compression for photographic images. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10 to 1 compression with little perceivable loss in image quality. JPEG is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photographic image capture devices, and is the most common format for storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information TIFF F (TIF)) Tagged Image File Format (abbreviated TIFF) is a file format for images, including photographs and line art. It is now under the control of Adobe Systems. Originally created by the company Aldus for use with what was then called "desktop publishing", the TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications. Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification. TIFF has not had a major update since 1992, though several Aldus/Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications, including TIFF/EP, have been based on the TIFF 6.0 specification. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information RAW A raw image file (sometimes written RAW image file) contains un-processed d data from the image sensor of a digital camera or image scanner. Typically this is the maximum amount of information the sensor is capable of collecting and saving. Raw files are so named because they are not yet processed and ready to be used with a bitmap graphics editor or printed. Normally, the image will be processed by a raw converter or Adobe Photohshop in a wide-gamut internal colorspace where precise adjustments can be made before conversion to an RGB file format such as TIFF or JPEG for storage, printing, or further manipulation. Raw image files are sometimes called digital negatives, as they fulfill the same role as film negatives in traditional chemical photography: that is, the negative is not directly usable as an image, but has all of the information needed to create an image. Digital raw files can also not be saved after manipulation. They remain in their original state. In addition to raw files from cameras, raw data from film scanners can also be referred to as digital negatives. Likewise, the process of converting a raw image file into a viewable format is sometimes called developing a raw image, another analogy with the film processing and development. Like a photographic negative, a digital negative may have a wider dynamic range or color gamut than the eventual final image format. The selection of the final choice of image rendering is part of the process of white balancing and color grading. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information BMP The BMP file format, sometimes called bitmap or DIB file format (for device-independent bitmap), is an image file format used to store bitmap digital images, especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. Many graphical user interfaces use bitmaps in their built-in graphics subsystems; for example, the Microsoft Windows and OS/2 platforms' GDI subsystem, where the specific format used is the Windows and OS/2 bitmap file format, usually named with the file extension of.BMP or.DIB. In uncompressed BMP files, and many other bitmap file formats, image pixels are stored with a color depth of 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, or 32 bits per pixel. Images of 8 bits and fewer can be either grayscale or indexed color. An alpha channel (for transparency) may be stored in a separate file, where it is similar to a grayscale image, or in a fourth channel that converts 24-bit images to 32 bits per pixel. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information LAB A Lab color space is a color-opponent space with dimension ension L for lightness and a and b for the color-opponent dimensions, based on nonlinearly- compressed CIE XYZ color space coordinates. The coordinates of the Hunter 1948 L, a, b color space are L, a, and b. However, Lab is now more often used as an informal abbreviation for the CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) color space (also called CIELAB, whose coordinates are actually L*, a*, and b*). Unlike the RGB and CMYK color models, Lab color is designed to approximate human vision. Because Lab space is much larger than the gamut of computer displays, printers, or even human vision, a bitmap image represented as Lab requires more data per pixel to obtain the same precision as an RGB or CMYK bitmap. In the 1990s, when computer hardware and software was mostly limited to storing and manipulating 8 bit/channel bitmaps, converting an RGB image to Lab and back was a lossy operation. With 16 bit/channel support now common, this is no longer such a problem. Additionally, many of the “colors” within Lab space fall outside the gamut of human vision, and are therefore purely imaginary; these “colors” cannot be reproduced in the physical world. Though color management software, such as that built in to image editing applications, will pick the closest in-gamut approximation, changing lightness, colorfulness, and sometimes hue in the process. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information PNG Portable Network Graphic, or PNG, An extensible file format for the lossless, portable, well-compressed storage of raster images. PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF and can also replace many common uses of TIFF, Indexed-colors, grey scales and truecolor. Images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits. PNG is designed for on-line viewing applications, such as the World Wide Web, so it is fully streamable with a progressive display option. PNG is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors. Also, PNG can store gamma correction and chromaticity data for improved color matching on heterogeneous platforms. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information EPS Encapsulated PostScript, or EPS, is a DSC-conforming PostScript document with additional restrictions intended to make EPS files usable as a graphics file format. In other words, EPS files are more-or-less self-contained, reasonably predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or drawing, that can be placed within another PostScript document. At a minimum, an EPS file contains a BoundingBox DSC comment, describing the rectangle containing the image described by the EPS file. Applications can use this information to lay out the page, even if they are unable to directly render the PostScript inside. EPS, together with DSC's Open Structuring Conventions, form the basis of early versions of the Adobe Illustrator Artwork file format. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information Binary File – Data - Codes A binary file is a computer file which may contain any type of data, encoded in binary form for computer storage and processing purposes; ~ for example, computer document files containing formatted text. ~ Many binary file formats contain parts that can be interpreted as text; binary files that contain only textual data - without, for example, any formatting information - are called plain text files. ~ In many cases, plain text files are considered to be different from binary files because binary files are made up of more than just plain text. When downloading, a completely functional program without any installer is also often called program binary, or binaries (as opposed to the source code). To send binary files through certain systems (such as e-mail) that do not allow all data values, they are often translated into a plain text representation (using, for example, Base64). This encoding has the disadvantage of increasing the file's size by approximately 30% during the transfer, as well as requiring translation back into binary after receipt. See Binary-to-text encoding for more on this subject. Microsoft Windows allows the programmer to specify a system call parameter indicating if a file is text or binary; Unix does not, and treats all files as binary. This reflects the fact that the distinction between the two types of files is to a certain extent arbitrary. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Composition n RULE OF THIRDS The Main Subject of the image should be positioned in one of the intersections of imaginary lines placed about one-third from the top or one-third from the bottom / one-third from the right side or one-third from the left side. Where the lines intersect is where you want to place the important subject matter ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Copyrights Images and Photography Taking a photograph while on an airplane is banned in many places, and many mass transit systems prohibit taking photographs or videos while on board buses or trains or inside of stations. Photography and videography are also prohibited in the U.S. Capitol, in courthouses, and in government buildings housing classified information. Bringing a camera phone into one of these buildings is not permitted either. Filming while on private property follows many restrictions. The owner of the property is permitted to film their own property. However, they must receive permission from others on the property to be allowed to film that person. In order to film someone else's property, permission must be received from the owner. Photographing or videotaping a tourist attraction, whether publicly or privately owned, is generally considered legal, unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information Copyrights of Images and Photography Photographing of privately-owned property that is generally open to the public (i.e. retail) is permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs. Some jurisdictions have laws regarding filming while in a hospital or health care facility. Where permitted, such filming may be useful in gathering evidence in cases of abuse, neglect, or malpractice. One must not hinder the operations of law enforcement, medical, emergency, or security personnel by filming. Any filming with the intent of doing unlawful harm against a subject may be a violation of the law in itself. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information Copyright Act 1976 This is a piece of United States copyright legislation and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States, as amended by several later enacted copyright provisions. The Act spells out the basic rights of copyright holders, codified the doctrine of "fair use," and for most new copyrights adopted a unitary term based on the date of the author's death rather than the prior scheme of fixed initial and renewal terms. It became Public Law number 94-553 on October 19, 1976 and went into effect on January 1, 1978. Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders, such as use for scholarship or review. It provides for the legal, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. It is based on free speech rights provided by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Copyrights The Current Fee for registration of an artist or writers works is $35 Online and $45 in paper. This does not include any fees for attorneys or professional support. Form Needed to Apply is “VA” If you copyright a current work.. the use of the copyright symbol is optional. However.. it is a good practice to note on the pages the information is copyrighted. ADDA Materials state at the bottom of each sheet “ Copyright ADDA International”. This gives a firm indication to anyone the information is protected and permission should be obtained to use any portion of what they have. If an individual did use the information, and you made the decision to pursue a lawsuit. The maximum limit of statutory damages you may win is $150,000.00 This is only for the violation of the copyright law. Additional penalties and fines would apply for the Civil Damages, Loss Revenue and a multitude of other offences. In Short… don’t steel. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information Copyrights - What Works Are Protected? Copyright protects “original works of authorship” that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need not be directly perceptible so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a machine or device. Copyrightable works include the following categories: ƒ literary works; ƒ musical works, including any accompanying words ƒ dramatic works, including any accompanying music ƒ pantomimes and choreographic works ƒ pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works ƒ motion pictures and other audiovisual works ƒ sound recordings ƒ architectural works These categories should be viewed broadly. For example, computer programs and most “compilations” may be registered as “literary works”; maps and architectural plans may be registered as “pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works.” A Copyright remains in effect for 70 YEARS beyond the death of the Holder ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Copyrights - Social Media When we upload an image or file via our Smartphone or computer to a social media site such as Facebook we are not giving up copyright to the image(s) or file(s). The user agreement that we agree to when we sign up to create an account states that we are giving them royalty-free / unlimited usage of the images or files that we upload. This includes photographs, literary works, musical works, including any accompanying words, dramatic works, including any accompanying music, pantomimes and choreographic works, pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works, motion pictures and other audiovisual works, sound recordings, and architectural works, just to name a few. These social media companies do not own the copyright of this work, you’ve just given them permission to use it with no monetary reward. Also, keep in mind that when any file is uploaded it’s there permanently. Even if you delete an image off of your own page it’s not deleted on the server of the social media site. Any and all information and files remain there forever, whatever “forever” means. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Bit Color 1-bit color (21 = 2 colors) monochrome, often black and white 2-bit color (2² = 4 colors) CGA, gray-scale early NeXTstation 3-bit color (2³ = 8 colors) many early home computers with TV out displays 4-bit color (24 = 16 colors) as used by EGA and by the least common denominator VGA standard at higher resolution 5-bit color (25 = 32 colors) Original Amiga chipset 6-bit color (26 = 64 colors) Original Amiga chipset 8-bit color (28 = 256 colors) most early color Unix workstations, VGA at low resolution, Super VGA, AGA 12-bit color (212 = 4096 colors) some Silicon Graphics systems, Color NeXTstation systems, and Amiga systems in HAM mode. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Bit Color HighColor or HiColor is considered sufficient to provide life-like colors, and is encoded using either 15 or 16 bits: 15-bit uses 5 bits to represent red, 5 for green, and 5 for blue. Since 25 is 32 there are 32 levels of each color which can therefore be combined to give a total of 32,768 (32 × 32 × 32) mixed colors. 16-bit color uses 5 bits to represent red, 5 bits to represent blue, but (since the human eye is more sensitive to the color green) uses 6 bits to represent 64 levels of green. These can therefore be combined to give 65,536 (32 × 64 × 32) mixed colors. Sixteen-bit color is referred to as "thousands of colors" on Macintosh systems. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Bit Color HighColor LCD displays Some cheaper LCD displays use dithered 18-bit color (64 × 64 × 64 = 262,144 combinations) to achieve faster transition times, without sacrificing truecolor display levels entirely. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Bitt Colorr True Color can mimic far more of the colors found in the real world, producing 16.8 million distinct colors. This approaches the level at which megapixel monitors can display distinct colors for most photographic images, though image manipulation, monochromatic images (which are restricted to 256 levels, owing to their single channel), large images or "pure" generated images reveal banding and dithering artifacts. 24-bit true color uses 8 bits to represent red, 8 bits to represent blue and 8 bits to represent green. 28 = 256 levels of each of these three colors can therefore be combined to give a total of 16,777,216 mixed colors (256 × 256 × 256). Twenty-four-bit color is referred to as "millions of colors" on Macintosh systems. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Bitt Colorr 30-bit color Video cards with 10 bits per color, or 30-bit color, started coming into the market in the late '90s. An early example was the Radius ThunderPower card for the Macintosh, which included extensions for Quickdraw and Photoshop plugins to support editing 30- bit images. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing General Information Bitt Colorr 32-bit color "32-bit color" is generally a misnomer in regard to display color depth. While actual 32-bit color at ten to eleven bits per channel produces 4,294,967,296 distinct colors, the term "32-bit color" is most often a misuse referring to 24-bit color images with an additional eight bits of non-color data (I.E.: alpha, Z or bump data), or sometimes even to plain 24-bit data. Systems using more than 24 bits in a 32-bit pixel for actual color data exist, but most of them opt for a 30-bit implementation with two bits of padding so that they can have an even 10 bits of color for each channel, similar to many HiColor systems. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  General Information Red-EYE The red-eye effect in photography is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of eyes. It occurs when using a photographic flash very close to the camera lens (as with most compact cameras), in ambient low light. Red-eye effect appears in the eyes of humans and animals that have no tapetum lucidum, hence no eyeshine,[citation needed] and rarely in animals that have a tapetum lucidum. The red-eye effect is a photographic effect, not seen in nature. Because the light of the flash occurs too fast for the pupil to close, much of the very bright light from the flash passes into the eye through the pupil, reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball (see diagram in Eye), and out through the pupil. The camera records this reflected light. The fact that the reflected light is red often is attributed to the ample blood supply of the retina and/or chorium, but this is incorrect. The red-eye effect is due to the color of the fundus, which is due to melanin, a pigment, principally located in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing Software Information Illustrator Adobe Illustrator is a vector-based drawing program developed and marketed by Adobe Systems. Illustrator CS is available stand alone or with the Adobe Creative Suite. It is available for both the Mac OS X and newer and Microsoft Windows 7 and newer operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on both Intel and PowerPC processors. Illustrator CS was the first version to include 3-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple 3D objects. Among the features included in Illustrator CS are Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspaces. Live Trace allows for the conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  Software Information ADOBE PDF The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. PDF is a fixed-layout format used for representing two-dimensional documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a 2-D document (and, with Acrobat 3-D, embedded 3-D documents) that includes the text, fonts, images, and 2-D vector graphics that compose the documents. PDF IS AN OPEN STANDARD - ISO Ballot for PDF 1.7 Passed! Passed by a vote of 13:1 Countries voting positive with no comments: Australia, Bulgaria, China, Japan, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine. (9) Countries voting positive with comments: UK (13), USA (125), Germany (11), Switzerland (19). Countries voting negative with comments: France (37). Countries abstaining: Russia - Italy sent comments but is not a voting (P) member. Total votes 14. 13 Positive is 93% (must be > 66.6%) 1 Negative is 7% (must be < 25%). Clear winner! ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing  Photoshop Tools ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital Imaging & Editing Acronyms ADDA American Digital Design Association American Design Drafting Association SLR Single Lens Reflex Camera DSLR Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera ISO International Standards Organization. Used instead of ASA as prefix to a cameras sensitivity to light The scale is identical to the ASA scale back in the film days. LCD Liquid Crystal Display TTL Through the Lens CCD Charge Coupled Device. More commonly known as the camera sensor. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Acronyms RAW Raw image format, contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of a digital camera or image scanner. Raw files are so named because they are not yet processed and ready to be used with a bitmap graphics editor , computer, or printing machine. PNG Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace the GIF format, as an image-file format not requiring a patent license GIF The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is an 8-bit-per-pixel bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. PPI Pixels per inch (PPI) or pixel density is a measurement of the resolution of a computer display or image size produced by a digital camera, related to the size of the display in inches and the total number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical directions. This measurement is often referred to as dots per inch (DPI), though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer. PPI may also be used to describe the resolution of an image scanner or digital camera; in this context, it is synonymous with samples per inch. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Acronyms LAB The coordinates of the Hunter 1948 L, a, b color space are L, a, and b ACE In computing, ACE is a proprietary data compression archive file format developed by Marcel Lemke, and later bought by e-merge GmbH. ACE offers superior compression compared to the ZIP file format, at the cost of a lower compression speed. AWB Average White Balance – (Auto White Balance) In photography and image processing, color balance (sometimes gray balance, neutral balance, or white balance) refers to the adjustment of the relative amounts of red, green, and blue primary colors in an image such that neutral colors are reproduced correctly. Color balance changes the overall mixture of colors in an image and is used for generalized color correction. EXIF Exchangeable image file format Information that accompanies an image. AP Aperture Priority (Aperture & F-Stop are the same) AE/AF Auto-Exposure / Auto Focus ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Cameras Digital Cameras come in many shapes, sizes, and price points. They can range from a few hundred dollars to a few thousand dollars. Price differences reflect the quality / size of the images produced by the camera and also the other auto features (computerized) that it may have. More expensive cameras have interchangeable lenses and features that are not present on the smaller, less expensive models. One separating feature of all digital cameras is the MP size it produces in it’s images. MP = Megapixel = a unit equal to one million pixel. It’s used to measure the resolution of a digital image. Larger MP cameras produce more pixels which results in larger image files, but also in better image quality. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Cameras Point and Shoot Cameras In most cases this type of camera is limited to only automatic functionality. User interface is a simple / easy to understand menu set allowing the user to simply choose the correct setting for the type of photo they are attempting to produce. For example, there will be a portrait setting, a sports setting, and a landscape setting. Below are two examples of a Point and Shoot Camera. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Cameras The image to the right is an exploded diagram of the internal workings of a Point & Shoot Camera. In most cases the lens elements are plastic and not glass. Most of the exterior and internal workings are plastic and not metal. Images are composed by looking at the LCD screen on the back of the camera, and NOT through an eyepiece or the lens. Some P&S cameras have a viewing scope. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Cameras The diagram to the left is an exploded view of a digital SLR Camera body with lens. Major difference between this and the point and shoot camera are: 1. Through the lens viewing (internal mirror shown) 2. Interchangeable lenses 3. Glass lens elements 4. Larger MP size 5. Better construction ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Cameras With “through the lens” viewing there are some additional hardware items added to the insides of the camera. One is the pivoting mirror (pink). By combining this mirror with a prism mounted above it can look directly through the lens at the scene we are photographing. This mirror snaps up out of the way when the camera is fired so that the light coming through the lens can pass straight back to the sensor. Note that there is still a shutter (gray) in this camera style. Glossary of Terms- Lens - the barrel shaped part of the camera system that contains the glass or plastic optical elements that control focus and zoom. Light passes through these elements to the CCD. F-Stop – the adjustable iris opening right behind the lens body that changes sizes depending on how much light needs to pass on to the CCD. Also know as Aperture. Shutter – the metal curtain right in front of the CCD that opens for a specific amount of time (usually split seconds) to allow just the right amount of light to pass on to the CCD. Sensor – also known as the CCD (Charge-Coupled Device). This records your image. Mirror – needed for any “through the lens” viewing type camera. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Cameras Cell Phone / Tablet Cameras One of the most popular cameras is with us all the time – our smartphone. This technology has allowed many “non-photographers” suddenly be able to post images on the internet and social media sites instantly. A lot of these smartphones and tablets also have image editing software that allows the user to manipulate the image color / contrast / density / frame very easily. Although this is fun, it has also “dumbed-down” the whole photographic industry to a point. It’s now acceptable to use these images in advertising and marketing, a ploy that would have been unheard of years ago. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Cameras Cell Phone / Tablet Cameras One of the falsities of cell phone / tablet photography is that your almost a “pro photographer” because your cell phone has a 12 Mega-Pixel camera. The MP size, although important in image quality, is not the ONLY thing important in digital photography. Many things play a big role. Is it a glass or plastic lens? Are there different lenses available? Can you control background focus? Can you control true color with the camera? Are there different resolutions you can select? And, is it really only a “Point and Shoot” camera installed in your cellphone or table? I only mention this because these cameras have their limitations and should be used and treated for what they are – a glorified Point & Shoot camera. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Definitions ¾ Day Light / Sun Light Daylight or the light of day is the combination of all direct and d indirect i di t sunlight li ht outdoors during the daytime (and perhaps twilight). This includes direct sunlight, diffuse sky radiation, and (often) both of these reflected from the Earth and terrestrial objects. Sunlight scattered or reflected from objects in outer space (that is, beyond the Earth's atmosphere) is generally not considered daylight. Thus, moonlight is never considered daylight, despite being "indirect sunlight. Sunlight, in the broad sense, is the total spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through the atmosphere, and the solar radiation is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. This is usually during the hours known as day. When the direct radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and heat. Sunlight may be recorded using a sunshine recorder. Direct sunlight gives about 93 lumens of illumination per watt of electromagnetic power, including infrared, visible, and ultra-violet. ¾ Tungsten A type of lighting. A tungsten type lamps emits more warm (red, yellow) light. ¾ Fluorescent A type of lighting. Common fluorescent lights have a distinct color spectrum and color spikes that will affect the color of your target. Fluorescent lights also flicker. As a result of these issues, occasionally you must find a way to eliminate the overhead fluorescent lighting when it’s mixed with another light source. The White Balance menu has a fluorescent setting. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Color Temperature Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in photography, videography, publishing and other fields. The color temperature of a light source is determined by comparing its chromaticity with a theoretical, heated black-body radiator. The temperature (usually measured in Kelvin (K)) at which the heated black-body radiator matches the color of the light source is that source's color temperature; for a black body source, it is directly related to Planck’s Law. ¾ Kelvin (K) # The Kelvin (symbol: K) is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero (0 K). The Kelvin scale and the Kelvin are named after the British physicist and engineer William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who wrote of the need for an “absolute thermometric scale” for color temperatures of light. ¾ F Stop In optics, the f-number (sometimes called focal ratio, f-ratio, or relative aperture of an optical system expresses the diameter of the entrance pupil in terms of the effective focal length of the lens; in simpler terms, the f-number is the focal length divided by the aperture diameter. It is a dimensionless number that is a quantitative measure of lens speed, an important concept in photography. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Sensor A sensor is the digital recording chip in the camera. It’s technical nical name is a CCD, which stands for “charge coupled device”. This part of the digital camera records the image. ¾ Macro Lens Macro photography is close-up photography; the classical definition is that the image projected on the “image plane" (i.e., film or a digital sensor) is close to the same size as the subject. On 35 mm format (for example), the lens is typically optimized to focus sharply on a small area approaching the size of the film frame. Most 35mm format macro lenses achieve at least 1:2, that is to say, the image on the film is 1/2 the size of the object being photographed. Many 35mm macro lenses are 1:1, meaning the image on the film is the same size as the object being photographed. ¾ Histogram A histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies. It shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several categories. It is a digital footprint of an image. A histogram differs from a bar chart in that it is the area of the bar that denotes the value, not the height, a crucial distinction when the categories are not of uniform width ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Overexposed This is an image that appears much too bright. The highlightss and colors are totally lost and usually unrecoverable even by top software. Either the shutter speed was too long or the aperture was too wide ¾ Underexposed Under exposure. A picture which appears too dark because insufficient light was delivered to the imaging system. Opposite of over exposure. ¾ Pixels The individual imaging element of a CCD or CMOS sensor, or the individual output point of a display device. This is what is meant by the figures 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1280x960 etc., when dealing with the resolution of a particular digicam. Higher numbers are better quality. ¾ White Balance Refers to the adjustment of the brightness of the red, green and blue components, so that the brightest object in the image appears white. See also "AWB" ¾ Telephoto This is the focal length that gives you the narrowest angle of coverage, good for bringing distant objects closer. (i.e. 100mm, 200mm, 500mm etc.). This would be the opposite of a wide angle lens which captures a wide area of coverage, pushing objects further away. ¾ Tripod In photography, a tripod is a three-legged stand for a camera, used to stabilize and elevate the camera. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Soft Light Soft light refers to light that tends to "wrap" around object, casting shadows with soft edges. The softness of the light depends mostly on the following two factors: ~Distance. The closer the light source, the softer it becomes. ~Size of light source. The larger the source, the softer it becomes. The softness of a light source can also be determined by the angle between the illuminated object and the 'length' of the light source (the longest dimension that is perpendicular to the object being lit). The larger this angle is, the softer the light source. ¾ Hard Light Hard light sources cast shadows whose appearance of the shadow depends on the lighting instrument. For example, Fresnel lights can be focused such that their shadows can be "cut" with crisp shadow edges.. That is, the shadows produced will have 'harder' edges with minimal transition between highlights and shadowed areas. The focused light will produce harder-edged shadows. Focusing a Fresnel makes the rays of emitted light more parallel. The parallelism of these rays determines the quality of the shadows. For shadows with no transitional edge/gradient, a point light source is required. When hitting a textured surface at an angle, hard light will accentuate the textures and details in an object.. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Louvers Louvers are a source of reflecting light from a light box or other light source. Louvers may be as you expect or can be a single object placed, to interfere with direct lighting from a natural or man made source. ¾ Light Reflector In photography and cinematography, a reflector is an improvised or specialized reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene. ¾ Double Diffusion In physics, chemistry and biology, diffusion denotes the mixing of two or more substances or the net motion of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. ¾ Soft Box A Soft box is a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices. All the various soft light types create soft diffused light by directing light through some type of diffusion material. The best known form of bouncing source is the umbrella light where the light from the bulb is bounced off the inside of a white or metalized umbrella to create a soft indirect and reflected light. A "soft box" is an enclosure around a bulb comprised of reflective side and back walls and a diffusing material at the front of the light. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Fresnel Light / Lens The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional spherical lens by breaking the lens into a set of concentric annular sections known as Fresnel zones. ¾ Light / Reflector Disk A reflector which is a solid Circle with a mounted Flash Canister. Disk can be positioned to reflect forward or reversed. ¾ Rim Light The back light (a.k.a. the rim, hair, or shoulder light) shines on the subject from behind, often from the top, or to one side or the other. It gives the subject a outline or rim of light, serving to separate the subject from the background and highlighting contours. ¾ Noise Noise relates to pixels in your image that were misinterpreted. Normally occurs when you shoot a long exposure (beyond 1/2-second) or when you use the higher ISO values from 1200 or above. It appears as random groups of red, green or blue pixels. Programs such as Neat Image can remove some of this noise from an image. ¾ Grain Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small grains of a metallic silver developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. This “look” can be achieved in digital imaging by using filters in Photoshop or a similar program ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Fill Flash Fill flash is a photographic technique used to brighten deep shadow areas, typically outdoors on sunny days, though the technique is useful any time the background is significantly brighter than the subject of the photograph. To use fill flash, the aperture and shutter speed are adjusted to correctly expose the background, and the flash is fired to lighten the foreground. Most point and shoot cameras include a fill flash mode that forces the flash to fire, even in bright light. ¾ Curves In image editing, a curve is a remapping of image tonality, specified as a function from input level to output level, used as a way to emphasize colors or other elements in a picture ¾ Image Pixel Same as a Pixel ¾ Bit – Depth Bit Depth. Refers to the color or grey scale of each individual pixel. For example a pixel with 8 bits per color (red, green and blue), gives a 24 bit image. 24 bit resolution is 16.7 million colors. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions RAW A raw image file (sometimes written RAW image file) contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of a digital camera or image scanner. Raw files are so named because they are not yet processed and ready to be used with a bitmap graphics editor or printed. Normally, the image will be processed by a raw converter in a wide-gamut internal colorspace where precise adjustments can be made before conversion to an RGB file format such as TIFF or JPEG for storage, printing, or further manipulation. Raw image files are sometimes called digital negatives, as they fulfill the same role as film negatives in traditional chemical photography: that is, the negative is not directly usable as an image, but has all of the information needed to create an image. Raw image files can not be altered or changed, similarly to a real negative. In addition to raw files from cameras, raw data from film scanners can also be referred to as digital negatives. Likewise, the process of converting a raw image file into a viewable format is sometimes called developing a raw image, by analogy with the film development. Like a photographic negative, a digital negative may have a wider dynamic range or color gamut than the eventual final image format. The selection of the final choice of image rendering is part of the process of white balancing and color grading. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Resolution Resolution. The quality of any digital image, whether printed or displayed on a screen, depends on its resolution, or the number of pixels used to create the image. More, smaller pixels add detail and sharpen the edges. ~ Optical Resolution is an absolute number that the camera's image sensor can physically record. ~ Interpolated Resolution adds pixels to the image using complex software algorithms to determine what color they should be. ~ It is important to note that interpolation doesn't add any new information to the image - it just makes it bigger! ¾ Color Balancing Color Balance. The accuracy with which the colors captured in the image, match the original scene. The White Balance menu can help with color balance. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Primary Color Primary colors are sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range (gamut) of colors. For human applications, three are often used; for additive combination of colors, as in overlapping projected lights or in CRT displays, the primary colors normally used are red, green, and blue. For subtractive combination of colors, as in mixing of pigments or dyes, such as in printing, the primaries normally used are magenta, cyan, and yellow. Any choice of primary colors is essentially arbitrary; for example, an early color photographic process, autochrome, typically used orange, green, and violet primaries. ¾ Secondary Color This is a color made by mixing two primary colors in a given color space. Examples ( Red + Green = Yellow ) ( Green + Blue = Cyan) (Blue + Red = Magenta) ¾ Tertiary color is a color made by mixing one primary color with one secondary color, in a given color space such as RGB or RYB. Unlike primary and secondary colors, these are not represented by one firmly established name each, but the following examples include some typical names. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Interlaced A technique of improving the picture quality of the video signal primarily on CRT devices without consuming extra bandwidth. Interlacing causes problems on certain display devices such as LCDs. Interlaced scan refers to one of two common methods for "painting" a video image on an electronic display screen (the second is progressive scan) by scanning or displaying each line or row of pixels. This technique uses two fields to create a frame. One field contains all the odd lines in the image, the other contains all the even lines of the image. A PAL based television display, for example, scans 50 fields every second (25 odd and 25 even). The two sets of 25 fields work together to create a full frame every 1/25th of a second, resulting in a display of 25 frames per second. ¾ Exposure In photography, exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium (photographic film or image sensor) during the process of taking a photograph. Exposure is measured in lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene luminance. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Vector Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based upon mathematical equations, to represent images in computer graphics. Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels, as it is typically used for the representation of photographic images. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is best practice, and instances when working with raster tools and formats is best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools. ¾ Lens Hood In photography, a lens hood or lens shade is a device used on the end of a lens to block the sun or other light source in order to prevent glare and lens flare. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Raster In computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a data structure ure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats (see Comparison of graphics file formats). A bitmap corresponds bit-for-bit with an image displayed on a screen, generally in the same format used for storage in the display's video memory, or maybe as a device-independent bitmap. Bitmap is technically characterized by the width and height of the image in pixels and by the number of bits per pixel (a color depth, which determines the number of colors it can represent). The printing and prepress industries know raster graphics as contones (from "continuous tones") and refer to vector graphics as "line work". ¾ Blooming Bloom (sometimes referred to as light bloom or glow) is a computer graphics effect used in computer games, demos and high dynamic range rendering (HDR) to reproduce an imaging artifact of real-world cameras. The effect produces fringes (or feathers) of light around very bright objects in an image. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Definitions ¾ Additive Colors An additive color model involves light emitted directly from a source or illuminant of some sort. The additive reproduction process usually uses red, green and blue light to produce the other colors. Combining one of these additive primary colors with another in equal amounts produces the additive secondary colors cyan, magenta, and yellow. Combining all three primary lights (colors) in equal intensities produces white. Varying the luminosity of each light (color) eventually reveals the full gamut of those three lights (colors). Computer monitors and televisions are the most common applications. ¾ Subtractive Colors A subtractive color model explains the mixing of paints, dyes, inks, and natural colorants to create a range of colors, where each such color is caused by the mixture absorbing some wavelengths of light and reflecting others. The color that an opaque object appears to have is based on what parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are reflected by it, or by what parts of the spectrum are not absorbed. Subtractive color systems start with white light. Colored inks, paints or films placed between the viewer and the light source or reflective surface (such as white paper) subtract wavelengths from this white, and make a color. Conversely, additive color systems start with no light (black). Light sources add wavelengths to make a color. In either an additive or a subtractive system, three primary colors are needed to match humans’ trichromatic color vision (caused by the three types of cone cells in the eye). ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾ Concentric objects share the same center, axis or origin with one inside the other. Circles, tubes, cylindrical shafts, disks, and spheres may be concentric. Concentric objects do not necessarily have the same radius. ¾ Diaphragm In optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its centre. The role of the diaphragm is to stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through the aperture, or opening. Thus it is also called a stop (an aperture stop, if it limits the brightness of light reaching the focal plane, or a field stop or flare stop for other uses of diaphragms in lenses). The diaphragm is placed in the light path of a lens or objective, and the size of the aperture regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens. The centre of the diaphragm's aperture coincides with the optical axis of the lens system. Most modern cameras use a type of adjustable diaphragm known as an iris diaphragm, and often referred to simply as an iris. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography Definitions ¾Fisheye Lens A Fisheye lens is an extreme wide angle lens which gives a curved or spherical erical appearance to a photograph. ¾ EXIF is a specification for the image file format used by digital cameras. The specification uses the existing JPEG, TIFF Rev. 6.0, and RIFF WAV file formats, with the addition of specific metadata tags. Exif data is information that stays with an image. The metadata tags defined in the Exif standard cover a broad spectrum: ~ Date and time information. Digital cameras will record the current date and time and save this in the metadata. ~ Camera settings. This includes static information such as the camera model and make, and information that varies with each image such as orientation, aperture, shutter speed, focal length, metering mode, and ISO speed information. ~ A thumbnail for previewing ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Composition n - RULE OF THIRDS The Main Subject of the image should be positioned in one of the intersections of these imaginary lines. Place subject matter about one-third from the top. or one-third from the bottom. One-third from the right side, or one-third from the left side ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Histograms The histogram shows us the values of all the pixels in our image. The height of each bar in the chart (graph) is representing the number of pixels on a particular brightness level that occur anywhere in our image. In an 8 bit file, which is what our cameras capture, the graph shows each of the 256 tones available for the photograph. Black is 0, middle gray is 128, and white is 255. These numbers are shown on the diagram below. Keep in mind that the “0 black” is total black with no detail, and the “255 white” is total white with no detail. All of the middle tones between these two extremes are all of the other tones in recorded in the image file. Changes in scene and lighting conditions dramatically change what we see on the histogram. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Composition n - SIMPLIFICATION Photographs that include a lot of clutter will distract the viewer from the main element of the photograph, making it difficult to identify the subject. By removing extraneous content the viewer is more likely to focus on the actual subject matter. Clutter can be reduced by controlling lighting, focus depth, and lens choice. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Composition n - GOLDEN RULE Part of the symmetry and geometry of visual art is the “Golden Mean”, sometimes called the “Golden Rule. This component of visual composition simply means that an image is divided into two unequal portions, usually being split very clearly, and sometimes diagonally. These two unequal portions of the work can be figured out to the exact proportion if you want to. Let’s say your two unequal portions are labeled as “a” and “b”. To size them according to the “Golden Mean” you would proportion them in this manner mathematically: In the two images to the left you can clearly see the visual separation created by the subject matter differences. The visual separation created by the uniqueness of each is what produces this nice visual relief and separation. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Composition n - LINES Lines are an important element of composition and can create movement, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal. Visual lines create dimension and mood in the photograph. Keep in mind that lines in photography are not necessarily lines that are create by subject matter – for example a line of fence posts, or trees, or the lines of a sidewalk. Lines are often seen by us as an arrangement of visual objects, not necessarily related to each other. The line create by a parked car, 2 bikes, and a park bench might create a visual line that leads the viewer to an opening a fence in the upper corner of an image. So, lines in images, are many times not “literal” lines. 1. Horizontal Lines - used mostly in landscapes create calmness, space, and peaceful moods. 2. Vertical Lines – create the feeling of height, grandeur, majesty, and rigidity. Converging Lines – create dynamic movement and an active feeling 3. Curved Lines – create a sense of flow and softness. 4. Diagonal Lines – create a sense of flow and can lead the viewer somewhere in the image. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Composition n - OTHER ELEMENTS Point of Interest – is the most important object(s) in your image. Contrast - putting light objects in front of dark backgrounds and visa-versa Balance – keeping a comfortable balance of objects in an image. Framing – putting objects in the foreground to emphasize the backgrounds Viewpoint – the place you choose to shoot from – camera position. Direction of Movement – objects that can move need room in front of them to move into. Scale – size relationships of all objects in an image. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Copyrights & Photography Taking a photograph while on an airplane is banned in many places, and many mass transit systems prohibit taking photographs or videos while on board buses or trains or inside of stations. Photography and videography are also prohibited in the U.S. Capitol, in courthouses, and in government buildings housing classified information. Bringing a camera phone into one of these buildings is not permitted either. Filming while on private property follows many restrictions. The owner of the property is permitted to film their own property. However, they must receive permission from others on the property to be allowed to film that person. In order to film someone else's property, permission must be received from the owner. Photographing or videotaping a tourist attraction, whether publicly or privately owned, is generally considered legal, unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs. These laws have existed for years, and property or model releases are easily found online to use if you plan to take a photograph and sell it commercially. If it’s for personal use then these releases are usually not necessary. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Copyrights & Photography Photographing of privately-owned property that is generally open to the public (i.e. retail) is permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs. Some jurisdictions have laws regarding filming while in a hospital or health care facility. Where permitted, such filming may be useful in gathering evidence in cases of abuse, neglect, or malpractice. One must not hinder the operations of law enforcement, medical, emergency, or security personnel by filming. Any filming with the intent of doing unlawful harm against a subject may be a violation of the law in itself. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Copyright Act 1976 is a piece of United States copyright legislation and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States, as amended by several later enacted copyright provisions. The Act spells out the basic rights of copyright holders, codified the doctrine of "fair use," and for most new copyrights adopted a unitary term based on the date of the author's death rather than the prior scheme of fixed initial and renewal terms. It became Public Law number 94-553 on October 19, 1976 and went into effect on January 1, 1978. Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders, such as use for scholarship or review. It provides for the legal, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. It is based on free speech rights provided by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Copyrights The Current Fee for registration of an artist or writers works is $35 Online and $45 in paper. This does not include any fees for attorneys or professional support. Form Needed to Apply is “VA” If you want to copyright a current work the use of the copyright symbol is optional. However.. it is a good practice to note on the pages the information is copyrighted. ADDA Materials state at the bottom of each sheet “ Copyright ADDA International”. This gives a firm indication to anyone the information is protected and permission should be obtained to use any portion of what they have. If an individual did use the information, and you made the decision to pursue a lawsuit. The maximum limit of statutory damages you may win is $150,000.00 per infraction. This is only for the violation of the copyright law. Additional penalties and fines would apply for the Civil Damages, Loss Revenue and a multitude of other offences. In short, don’t steal. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  General Information Copyrights - What Works Are Protected? Copyright protects “original works of authorship” that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need not be directly perceptible so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a machine or device. Copyrightable works include the following categories: ƒ literary works; ƒ musical works, including any accompanying words ƒ dramatic works, including any accompanying music ƒ pantomimes and choreographic works ƒ pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works ƒ motion pictures and other audiovisual works ƒ sound recordings ƒ architectural works These categories should be viewed broadly. For example, computer programs and most “compilations” may be registered as “literary works”; maps and architectural plans may be registered as “pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works.” A Copyright remains in effect for 70 YEARS beyond the death of the Holder ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Aperture / F-Stop In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light is admitted. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. The aperture determines how collimated the admitted rays are, which is of great importance for the appearance at the image plane. If the admitted rays also pass through a lens, highly collimated rays (narrow aperture) will result in sharpness at the image plane, while uncollimated rays (wide aperture) will result in sharpness for rays with the right focal length only. This means that a wide aperture results in an image that is sharp at what the lens is focused on and in front of and behind the subject are blurred. Obviously, the aperture also determines how many of the incoming rays that are actually admitted and thus how much light that reaches the image plane (the narrower the aperture, the darker the image). ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information FILTERS In photography, a filter is a camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path of the lens. The filter can be a square or rectangle shape mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk with a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed in front of the lens. Filters allow added control for the photographer of the images being produced. Sometimes they are used to make only subtle changes to images; other times the image would simply not be possible without them. The negative aspects of using filters, though often negligible, include the possibility of loss of image definition if using dirty or scratched filters, and increased exposure required by the reduction in light transmitted. The former is best avoided by careful use and maintenance of filters, while the latter is a matter of technique; it usually will not be a problem if planned out properly, but in some situations does make filter use impractical. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information FILTERS Clear filters, also known as window glass filters or optical flats, are completely transparent, and perform no filtering of incoming light at all. The only use of a clear filter is to protect the front of a lens. UV filters are used to reduce haziness created by ultraviolet light. A UV filter is mostly transparent to visible light. UV filters are often used for lens protection, much like clear filters Color correction A major use is to compensate the effects of lighting not balanced for the film stock's rated color temperature (usually 3200 K for professional and 5500 K for daylight): The use of these filters has been greatly reduced by the widespread adoption of digital photography, since color balance problems are now often addressed with software after the image is captured. These color filters have mostly been replaced by the “White Balance” menu in a digital camera. Color subtraction filters work by absorbing certain colors of light, letting the remaining colors through. A polarizing filter, can be used to darken overly light skies. Because the clouds are relatively unchanged, the contrast between the clouds and the sky is increased. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information FILTERS A Neutral Density (ND) filter causes a reduction in light. It is a neutral filter (color) and simply reduces the amount of light that passes through it. These filters are used in cases where you need LONG shutter speeds to blur a scene; i.e. water falls. A cross screen filter, (a star filter) creates a star pattern, in which lines radiate outward from bright objects or pinpoints of light like a candle. A diffusion filter (also called a softening filter) softens subjects and generates a dreamy haze. Transparent diffusion filter is made of many tiny globs of acrylic deposited on one surface which act as micro-lenses to diffuse the light. This can be accomplished by using clear nail polish on a plain glass filter. Grid or Netting filters come in Various widths, colors (often black or white), and grid shapes (typically diamonds or squares) and spacing of netting, usually made from nylon, are used to provide soft diffusion effects. Diopters and Split Diopters (are not actually filters) they are simple single or two-element lenses used to assist in close-up and macro photography. They provide some number of positive optical diopters, which magnify the subject and allow objects very close to the lens to be brought into focus. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information F Stops In optics, the f-number (sometimes called focal ratio, f-ratio, or relative aperture) of an optical system expresses the diameter of the entrance pupil in terms of the effective focal length of the lens; in simpler terms, the f-number is the focal length divided by the aperture diameter. It is a dimensionless number that is a quantitative measure of lens speed, an important concept in photography. On a camera, the f-number is usually adjusted in discrete steps, known as f-stops. Each "stop" is marked with its corresponding f-number, and represents a halving of the light intensity from the previous stop. This corresponds to a decrease of the pupil and aperture diameters by a factor of √2 or about 1.414, and hence a halving of the area of the pupil opening. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Rotating Viewing Screen Rotating Screens that freely rotate while still attached to a camera body are a feature that allows the photographer to hold the camera very high or very low and still see the LCD screen on the camera. This makes it easy for the photographer to aim the camera without moving around too much providing they are using “live view” on the camera while shooting. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Aperture and focal length The two main optical parameters of a photographic lens are the maximum aperture of the lens and the focal length of the lens. The focal length determines the angle of view, and the size of the image relative to that of the object, while the maximum aperture limits the brightness of the image and the fastest shutter speed usable. A popular third consideration is close focusing distance. The maximum usable aperture of a lens is usually specified as the focal ratio or f-number, which is equal to the focal length divided by the effective aperture (or entrance pupil) diameter in the same units. The lower the number, the more light per unit area is delivered to the focal plane. Larger apertures (smaller f-numbers) provide a much shallower depth of field than smaller apertures, other conditions being equal. Practical lens assemblies may also contain mechanisms to deal with measuring light, secondary apertures for flare reduction, and mechanisms to hold the aperture open until the instant of exposure to allow SLR cameras to focus with a brighter image with shallower depth of field, theoretically allowing better focus accuracy. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Lens Types Focal lengths are usually specified in millimeters (mm), but older lenses marked in centimeters (cm) and inches are still to be found. For a given film or sensor size, specified by the length of the diagonal, a lens may be classified as: Normal lens: angle of view of the diagonal about 50° and a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal produces this angle. Macro lens: angle of view narrower than 25° and focal length longer than normal. These lenses are used for close-ups, e.g., for images of the same size as the object. They usually feature a flat field as well, which means that the subject plane is exactly parallel with the film plane. Wide-angle lens: angle of view wider than 60° and focal length shorter than normal. Telephoto lens or long-focus lens: angle of view narrower and focal length longer than normal. A distinction is sometimes made between a long-focus lens and a true telephoto lens: the telephoto lens uses a telephoto group to be physically shorter than its focal length. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography General Information Lens Types - The 35mm film format is so prevalent that a 90mm lens, for example, is sometimes assumed to be a moderate telephoto; but for the 7×5cm formatmat it is normal, while on the large 5×4 inch format it is a wide-angle. In general, the smaller sensor surface, the smaller the angle of view. For our purposes, we’re going to stick with the 35mm format as that is what most DSLR cameras use.. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography History of Photography George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) founded th the Eastman E t Kodak Company and invented the flexible roll of film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream. The flexible roll film was also the basis for the invention of the motion picture film in 1888 by world's first filmmaker, Louis Le Prince, and a decade later by his followers Léon Bouly, Thomas Edison, the Lumière Brothers and Georges Méliès Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (November 18, 1787 – July 10, 1851) was a French artist and chemist, recognized for his invention of the first successful photographic process called the daguerreotype. The exposure time for this process took up to 15 minutes. In 1827, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce produced the world's first permanent photograph (known as a Heliograph). Daguerre partnered with Niépce two years later, beginning a four-year cooperation. Niépce died suddenly in 1833. The main reason for the "partnership", as far as Daguerre was concerned, was connected to his already famous dioramas ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography History of Photography Due to better chemicals and wider apertures our modern methods of photography have reduced the exposure and development time of film photography. Many colleges, universities, and High Schools are still offering darkroom and print making classes. Prior to modern methods color photography was hand colored James Clark Maxwell contributed to the area of optics and color vision, and is credited with the discovery that color photographs could be formed using red, green, and blue filters. In 1861 he presented the world's first color photograph during a Royal Institution lecture. He had , inventor of the single-lens reflex camera, photograph a tartan ribbon three times, each time with a different color filter over the lens. The three images were developed and then projected onto a screen with three different projectors, each equipped with the same color filter used to take its image. When brought into focus, the three images formed a full color image. The three photographic plates now reside in a small museum at 14 India Street, Edinburgh, the house where Maxwell was born. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography History of Photography Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron (December 8, 1837 – August 31, 1920) was a French pioneer of color photography. He was born in Langon, Gironde and he died in Agen. In the years following his unpublished paper of 1862 he set out practical ways of recording color images using both additive (red, green, blue) and subtractive (cyan, magenta, yellow) methods. In 1868 he patented some of his methods and in 1869 he wrote Les Couleurs en Photographie. One of his earliest color photographs is the Landscape of Southern France, taken by the subtractive method in 1877. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography History of Photography The Autochrome Lumière is an early color photography process. Patented in 1903 by the Lumière brothers in France and first marketed in 1907, it remained the principal color photography process available until it was superseded by the advent of color film during the mid 1930s Autochromes continued to be produced as glass plates until the 1930s, when film-based versions were introduced, as in 1932, and in 1938. While it almost completely replaced glass-plate autochromes within three years, its success was short-lived, as manufacturers such as Kodak and Agfa began in earnest to produce the multi-layer, subtractive color films (such as Kodachrome, Agfacolor Neu and Kodacolor) which we know today. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography History of Photography Box Camera The box camera is, with the exception of the pin hole camera, a camera in its simplest form. The classic box camera is shaped more or less like a box, hence the name. Invented by George Eastman. A box camera has a simple optical system, often only in the form of a simple meniscus lens. It usually lacks a focusing system (fix-focus) as well as control of aperture and shutter speeds. This makes it suitable for daylight photography only. In the 1950s, box cameras with photographic flash were introduced, allowing indoor photos. Typical box cameras are: ~ The Kodak introduced in 1888, the first commercially successful box camera for roll film “the advertising slogan being You press the button - we do the rest.” ~ The Kodak Brownie, a long lasting series of classical box cameras using roll film. ~ The Ansco Panda was designed to compete directly with the Brownies. It used 620 film. ~ The Kodak Instamatic using 126 film, later 110 film. ~ The modern disposable (cardboard) camera using 135 film. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography History of Photography Instant Camera This is a type of camera with self-developing film. The most famous are those made by the Polaroid Corporation. Polaroid no longer manufactures such cameras. The invention of modern instant cameras is generally credited to American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the first commercial instant camera, the Land Camera, in 1947, 10 years after founding the Polaroid Corporation. In February 2008, Polaroid announced it would cease production of all instant film; the company would shut down three factories and lay off 450 workers. Sales of chemical film by all makers have dropped by at least 25% per year in this decade, and the decline is likely to accelerate. Fujifilm is now the only remaining supplier of instant film in the United States. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Tools of Photography LENSES Wide Angle Lenses (135mm) Used for sports, nature or other types of documentary style photography that requires you to be close to the action but cannot be close physically be it dangerous or timid. Like portrait lenses they are great for picking out the subject from the background. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Tools of Photography OTHER SPECIAL LENSES Macro Macro lenses can focus very close allowing real size, 1:1 image ratios, ie an object 10mm in size will appear 10mm on the 35mm frame. Excellent for nice close ups of insects or flowers. Fisheye Lenses Distort the perspective to create a circular “fisheye” 180° image. A very specialized lens. Picking the correct subject is necessary but when you do can produce some memorable images. Focal lengths vary, 7~16mm. Super Wide Angle Lenses (300mm) Longer telephotos and an eye-watering price tag to match. Can be heavy due to the amount of glass they contain. Often they have a tripod mount on the lens. Fast Lenses A fast lens is one that has a large minimum aperture and is often a good thing. The minimum aperture might be f/1.4 or f/2.8 or whatever is appropriate for the lens compared to other lenses of the same focal length. This lens is can be used in situations where there is very dim available lighting conditions. Obviously the larger minimum aperture requires larger glass elements and is consequently heavier and maybe bulkier than a lens one or two slops slower. They are usually higher quality as a side-effect of the lens maker justifying the extra expense. ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography  Tools of Photography ADDA Professional Certification Series – Digital & General Photography