Blending Modes in Graphic Design
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Questions and Answers

Where should the main subject of an image be positioned according to the rule of thirds?

  • Two-thirds from the top or bottom
  • One-third from the top or bottom, one-third from the right or left side (correct)
  • Close to the edges of the image
  • Exactly in the center of the image

    • Photography and videography are generally allowed in U.S. Capitol buildings.

    False

    According to the Copyright Act of 1976, fair use is a doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders for purposes such as ______________ or review.

    scholarship

    Match the following color depth terms with their respective number of colors combinations:

    <p>16-bit color = 65,536 (32 × 64 × 32) mixed colors True Color = 16,777,216 mixed colors (256 × 256 × 256) HighColor = 32,768 (32 × 32 × 32) mixed colors 30-bit color = Started coming into the market in the late '90s with 10 bits per color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operating systems is Adobe Illustrator CS available for?

    <p>Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PDF stand for?

    <p>Portable Document Format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym RAW stand for?

    <p>Raw image format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following acronyms with their meanings:

    <p>ISO = International Standards Organization PPI = Pixels per inch AE/AF = Auto-Exposure / Auto Focus LAB = Hunter 1948 color space coordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluorescent lights have a consistent color spectrum without any color spikes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a lens hood in photography?

    <p>To block the sun and prevent glare and lens flare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The histogram in photography shows the number of pixels at different brightness levels in an image.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of stopping the passage of light through a lens except for the light passing through the aperture called?

    <p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is color temperature in photography?

    <p>Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in photography, videography, and publishing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kelvin scale used for?

    <p>Measuring temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the F Stop value in photography?

    <p>The F Stop value quantitatively measures lens speed in photography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sensor in a camera is also known as a CCD.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the adjustment of the brightness of the red, green, and blue components in an image.

    <p>White Balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a telephoto lens do?

    <p>Bring distant objects closer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the light type with its description:

    <p>Soft Light = Light that tends to &quot;wrap&quot; around objects, casting shadows with soft edges. Hard Light = Light source that casts shadows with crisp edges and minimal transition between highlights and shadows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Color Burn in image blending?

    <p>To increase the contrast by darkening the base color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the JPEG standard define?

    <p>Codec for compressing and decompressing images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A GIF file can support animations with separate palettes for each frame.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym PNG stand for?

    <p>Portable Network Graphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ file format is commonly used for storing bitmap digital images on Microsoft Windows.

    <p>BMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do color subtraction filters work?

    <p>By absorbing certain colors of light, letting the remaining colors through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a polarizing filter have on overly light skies?

    <p>Darkens the sky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diffusion filter, also known as a ____, softens subjects and generates a dreamy haze.

    <p>softening filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A neutral density (ND) filter enhances the amount of light passing through it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is generally credited with the invention of modern instant cameras?

    <p>Edwin Land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the first commercial instant camera, the Land Camera, unveiled?

    <p>1947</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polaroid announced the cessation of production of all instant film in February 2008.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is now the only remaining supplier of instant film in the United States.

    <p>Fujifilm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of macro lenses?

    <p>Take close-up shots of insects or flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of lens is used for photography that requires picking out the subject from the background?

    <p>Fast Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an 8-bit file, what does '0 black', '128 middle gray', and '255 white' represent?

    <p>Black is total black with no detail, middle gray is 128, and white is total white with no detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Golden Rule' also known as in visual composition?

    <p>Golden Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lines in photography are always literal lines created by subject matter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the most important object(s) in your image.

    <p>Point of Interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of lines with their characteristics:

    <p>Horizontal Lines = Create calmness and peaceful moods in landscapes Vertical Lines = Evoke feelings of height, grandeur, majesty, and rigidity Curved Lines = Evoke a sense of flow and softness Diagonal Lines = Create a sense of flow and lead the viewer through the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using filters in photography?

    <p>Filters allow added control for the photographer of the images being produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Image File Formats

    • GIF:
      • 8-bit-per-pixel bitmap image format
      • Supports animations and allows a separate palette of 256 colors for each frame
      • Compressed using Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression technique
      • Unsuitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with continuous color
    • JPEG:
      • Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format
      • Specifies both the codec and file format used to contain the stream of bytes
      • Allows for adjustable compression, trading off storage size and image quality
      • Typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceivable loss in image quality
    • TIFF:
      • Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) for images, including photographs and line art
      • Widely supported by image-manipulation and publishing applications
      • Has not had a major update since 1992, despite several published technical notes with minor extensions
    • RAW:
      • Unprocessed data from the image sensor of a digital camera or image scanner
      • Contains the maximum amount of information the sensor is capable of collecting and saving
      • Not directly usable, requires processing by a raw converter or Adobe Photoshop
    • BMP:
      • Bitmap file format used to store bitmap digital images
      • Supports 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, or 32 bits per pixel
      • May store an alpha channel (for transparency) in a separate file or as a fourth channel
    • LAB:
      • Lab color space designed to approximate human vision
      • Coordinates are L for lightness and a and b for color-opponent dimensions
      • Unlike RGB and CMYK, LAB requires more data per pixel to obtain the same precision
    • PNG:
      • Portable Network Graphic, a lossless, portable, and well-compressed storage format for raster images
      • Supports indexed-colors, grey scales, and truecolor images, with optional alpha channel
      • Designed for on-line viewing applications, such as the World Wide Web
    • EPS:
      • Encapsulated PostScript, a DSC-conforming PostScript document with additional restrictions
      • Intended for use as a graphics file format, allowing applications to use the information to lay out the page
    • Binary File:
      • Computer file containing any type of data, encoded in binary form for storage and processing
      • Can be translated into a plain text representation using, for example, Base64, which increases file size by approximately 30%

    Color and Composition

    • Rule of Thirds:
      • Place the main subject of an image at one of the intersections of imaginary lines, one-third from the top or bottom and one-third from the left or right side
    • Bit Color:
      • 1-bit color: monochrome, often black and white
      • 2-bit color: 4 colors, used by CGA and early NeXTstation
      • 3-bit color: 8 colors, used by many early home computers
      • 4-bit color: 16 colors, used by EGA and VGA
      • 5-bit color: 32 colors, used by Original Amiga chipset
      • 6-bit color: 64 colors, used by Original Amiga chipset
      • 8-bit color: 256 colors, used by most early color Unix workstations and VGA
      • 12-bit color: 4096 colors, used by some Silicon Graphics systems and Amiga systems in HAM mode
      • HighColor or HiColor: 15 or 16 bits, providing life-like colors and supporting 32,768 mixed colors

    Copyrights and Photography

    • Copyright Act 1976:
      • Primary basis of copyright law in the United States
      • Spells out basic rights of copyright holders and codifies the doctrine of "fair use"
    • General Information:
      • Copyright protects original works of authorship fixed in a tangible form of expression
      • Includes literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works, motion pictures and other audiovisual works, sound recordings, and architectural works
      • Copyright remains in effect for 70 years beyond the death of the holder
    • Social Media:
      • When uploading an image or file, you're giving royalty-free and unlimited usage to the social media company
      • You retain copyright, but grant permission for the company to use your work without monetary reward
    • Copyright Fees:
      • Online registration fee: $35
      • Paper registration fee: $45
      • Statutory damages for copyright infringement: up to $150,000### Color and Display
    • 16-bit color, also known as "thousands of colors", uses 5 bits for red, 5 bits for green, and 5 bits for blue, resulting in 32,768 possible colors.
    • 24-bit true color uses 8 bits for each of the three primary colors (red, green, and blue), resulting in 16,777,216 possible colors.
    • 30-bit color uses 10 bits for each of the three primary colors, resulting in 1,073,741,824 possible colors.

    Digital Imaging

    • The red-eye effect in photography occurs when a photographic flash is used too close to the camera lens, causing the light to reflect off the back of the eyeball and out through the pupil.
    • The red-eye effect is not seen in nature, but rather is a photographic effect.
    • The color of the fundus, which is due to melanin, is the main cause of the red-eye effect.

    Software

    • Adobe Illustrator is a vector-based drawing program that allows users to create and edit vector graphics.
    • Adobe Illustrator CS was the first version to include 3-dimensional capabilities.
    • Illustrator CS includes features such as Live Trace, Live Paint, and a control palette.

    File Formats

    • PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format used for document exchange, created by Adobe Systems in 1993.
    • PDF is an open standard, and it is used to represent two-dimensional documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system.
    • PDF files encapsulate a complete description of a 2-D document, including text, fonts, images, and 2-D vector graphics.

    Acronyms

    • ADDA: American Digital Design Association / American Design Drafting Association
    • SLR: Single Lens Reflex Camera
    • DSLR: Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera
    • ISO: International Standards Organization (used to describe a camera's sensitivity to light)
    • RAW: Raw image format, which contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of a digital camera or image scanner.
    • PNG: Portable Network Graphics (a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression)
    • GIF: Graphics Interchange Format (an 8-bit-per-pixel bitmap image format)
    • PPI: Pixels per inch (a measurement of the resolution of a computer display or image size produced by a digital camera)
    • LAB: The coordinates of the Hunter 1948 L, a, b color space
    • ACE: A proprietary data compression archive file format
    • AWB: Average White Balance (Auto White Balance)
    • EXIF: Exchangeable image file format (information that accompanies an image)
    • AP: Aperture Priority
    • AE/AF: Auto-Exposure / Auto Focus

    Cameras

    • Digital cameras come in a range of shapes, sizes, and price points, with differences in image quality, features, and interchangeable lenses.
    • Point and Shoot cameras are limited to automatic functionality, with a simple user interface and plastic or glass lenses.
    • Digital SLR cameras have through-the-lens viewing, interchangeable lenses, and better construction.
    • Cell phone and tablet cameras are a type of point and shoot camera, with limitations in image quality and features.

    Definitions

    • Daylight / sunlight: the combination of direct and indirect sunlight outdoors during the daytime
    • Tungsten: a type of lighting that emits more warm (red, yellow) light
    • Fluorescent: a type of lighting that has a distinct color spectrum and color spikes
    • Color temperature: a characteristic of visible light that is determined by comparing its chromaticity with a theoretical, heated black-body radiator
    • Kelvin (K): a unit of temperature, with the Kelvin scale being an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale
    • F-stop: the diameter of the entrance pupil in terms of the effective focal length of the lens, a measure of lens speed
    • Sensor: the digital recording chip in the camera, technically known as a CCD (charge coupled device)
    • Macro lens: a type of lens that is optimized for close-up photography, with the image on the film or sensor being close to the same size as the object being photographed
    • Histogram: a graphical display of tabulated frequencies, showing the distribution of tones in an image
    • Overexposed: an image that appears too bright, with lost highlights and colors
    • Underexposed: an image that appears too dark, with lost details in the shadows### Image Quality and Resolution
    • Underexposure occurs when insufficient light is delivered to the imaging system, resulting in a dark picture.
    • Pixels are the individual imaging elements of a CCD or CMOS sensor, or the individual output points of a display device.
    • Resolution is measured by the number of pixels, with higher numbers indicating better quality (e.g., 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768).

    Lighting

    • Soft light tends to "wrap" around objects, casting shadows with soft edges.
    • Factors affecting soft light include distance, size of light source, and angle between the illuminated object and light source.
    • Hard light sources cast shadows with crisp edges, and can be focused to produce harder-edged shadows.
    • Louvers are a source of reflecting light from a light box or other light source.
    • Reflectors are used to redirect light towards a subject or scene.
    • Soft boxes are a type of photographic lighting device that create soft diffused light.

    Image Editing

    • Curves are a remapping of image tonality, used to emphasize colors or other elements in a picture.
    • Bit depth refers to the color or grey scale of each individual pixel, with higher bit depths allowing for more colors (e.g., 24-bit image with 16.7 million colors).

    RAW Images

    • RAW image files contain minimally processed data from the image sensor, requiring processing before use.
    • RAW files are similar to film negatives, with all the information needed to create an image.
    • The process of converting a RAW image file into a viewable format is called developing a RAW image.

    Color and Balance

    • Resolution is the quality of a digital image, depending on the number of pixels used to create the image.
    • Color balance is the accuracy with which the colors captured in an image match the original scene.
    • White balance is a menu option that helps with color balance.
    • Primary colors are sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of colors (e.g., red, green, and blue).
    • Secondary colors are made by mixing two primary colors (e.g., red + green = yellow).
    • Tertiary colors are made by mixing one primary color with one secondary color (e.g., red + yellow = orange).

    Other Terms

    • Interlaced is a technique for improving picture quality on CRT devices, but can cause problems on other display devices.
    • Exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium during the process of taking a photograph.
    • Vector graphics are used to represent images in computer graphics, using geometrical primitives such as points, lines, and curves.
    • Raster graphics are a data structure representing a rectangular grid of pixels, used to display images on a screen or print.
    • Lens hood is a device used to block light and prevent glare and lens flare.
    • Blooming is a computer graphics effect used to reproduce an imaging artifact of real-world cameras, producing fringes of light around very bright objects.

    Concentric and Diaphragm

    • Concentric objects share the same center, axis, or origin, with one inside the other.
    • Diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its center, used to limit the brightness of light reaching the focal plane.

    Fisheye Lens and EXIF

    • Fisheye lens is an extreme wide-angle lens that gives a curved or spherical appearance to a photograph.
    • EXIF is a specification for the image file format used by digital cameras, which includes metadata tags such as date and time, camera settings, and a thumbnail for previewing.

    Composition

    • Rule of thirds: place the main subject of the image in one of the intersections of imaginary lines, one-third from the top or bottom, and one-third from the left or right side.

    Histograms

    • Histograms show the values of all the pixels in an image, with the height of each bar representing the number of pixels on a particular brightness level.
    • In an 8-bit file, the graph shows each of the 256 tones available for the photograph, with black being 0, middle gray being 128, and white being 255.

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