ICT - Information and Communication Technology PDF

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) – deals with the use of communication technologies such as cell phones, telephone, Internet, etc. to locate, save, send and edit information Tim Berners-Lee -69 years old - Born on June 8, 1955 in London, United Kingdom - He invented the WWW or World W...

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) – deals with the use of communication technologies such as cell phones, telephone, Internet, etc. to locate, save, send and edit information Tim Berners-Lee -69 years old - Born on June 8, 1955 in London, United Kingdom - He invented the WWW or World Wide Web. It was released on April 30, 1993. Web 1.0 Static Web Page (1996 – 2004)/ the Hypertext Web/ Static web/ Read-only- web - By Tim Berners Lee: Coined web 1.0 in 1989 -When the WWW was invented, most web pages were static (also known as flat page or stationary page) in the sense that the page is “as is” and cannot be manipulated by the user. The content is also the same for all users. This is referred to as Web 1.0 Example of Web 1.0: Web 2.0 Dynamic Web Page (2004-2016)/Social web - By Tim O’Reilly and Dale Dougherty - Is the evolution of web 1.0 by adding dynamic web pages- the user is able to see a website differently than others. - Example of web 2.0: Social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted services and web applications. - People can publish content Web 1.0 Vs Web 2.0 Static Website: - Easy to build - Cheap to host - Fixed Content Dynamic Website: - Little Hard to build - Costly than Static website to host - Easily edit the content by their own Features of Web 2.0 1. Folksonomy – It allows user to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen keywords (e.g., tagging). Popular social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, etc. use tags that start with the pound sigh (#). This is also referred to as hashtag Example: #PreventionIsTheKey #HelpSaveLives 2. Rich User Experience – Content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input. An example would be a website that shows local content. In the case of social networking sites, when logged on, your account is used to modify what you see in their website. 3. User Participation - The owner of the website is not the only one who is able to put content. Others are able to place a content of their own by means of comment, reviews, and evaluation. Some websites allow readers to comment on an article, participate in a poll, or review a specific product (e.g., Amazon.com, online stores). 4. Software as a service – User will subscribe to a software only when needed rather than purchasing them. This is a cheaper option if you do not always need to use a software. - Long Trail – This services that are offered on demand rather than on a one-time purchase  5. Mass Participation – It is a diverse information sharing through universal web access. Since most users can use the Internet, web 2.0’s content is based on people from various cultures. Web 3.0 Semantic Web Page/Executable Page - Also called as Semantic Web - Semantics – ability of web technologies to understand and interpret human generated content. - The aim of Web 3.0 is to have machines understand the user’s preferences to be able to deliver web content specifically targeting the user. - The Internet is able to predict the best possible answers to your question by “learning from your previous choices” - People build application though which people interact and publish content. Trends in ICT: 1. Convergence – is the synergy of technological advancements to work on a similar goal or task.  Characteristics of Convergence: - Can execute multiple functions - Cam collect and use data in different formats - Device that can connect to a network/other devices.  Network – connect multiple devices. 2. Social Media – is a website, application, or online channels that enable web users to create, co-create, discuss, modify, and exchange user-generated content. A. Social Network – These are sites that allow you to connect with other people with same interests or background. Example: Facebook, Instagram, etc. B. Bookmarking Sites – These are sites that allow you to store and manage links to various websites and resources. Examples: Twitter, Pinterest, etc. C. Social News – These are sites that allows user to post their own items or links to other news sources. Reddit, Facebook, etc.  Local  International  D. Media sharing – These are sites that allows you to upload and share media content like images, music, and video. Youtube, Instagram, etc.  Four types of UGC: - Audio - Images - Videos - Texts E. Microblogging – These are sites that focus on short updates from the user. Twitter etc. F. Blogs and Forums – These websites allow users to post their content.  Blogs – came from one person’s opinion/thoughts.  Forums – Add one topic and other users will Intergraph. 3. Mobile Technologies – The popularity of smartphones and tablets has taken a major rise over the years. This is largely because of the devices’ capability to do tasks that were originally found in personal computers. 4. Assistive Media- Founded by David Erdody in 1996. - Was the first internet-based spoken-word audio reading barriers for persons with print reading barriers thereby opening a unique avenue of accessibility for many individuals with cognitive, physical, and communication disabilities Lesson 2: Online Security Ethics and Etiquette. Online Safety – This is a state of being protected from potential harm cause by malicious intentions Security – Can be described as the collective methods, technologies, and processes to help protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer systems, networks and data, against cyber-attacks or unauthorized access. Ethics – Refers to a set of moral rules or a code of behavior applied to the online environment Etiquette – This is the unofficial code of policies that encourage good behavior on the Internet which is used to regulate respect and polite behavior on any social media platforms. 7 Rules in Online Etiquette 1. Be respectful 2. Be aware of language you use 3. Be careful with sarcasm 4. Grammar and Spelling matters 5. Cite your sources 6. Don’t post or share inappropriate material 7. Be forgiving Types of Information and the Risks: 1. First Name 2. Last Name 3. Middle Name 4. Current and Previous School(s) 5. Your cellphone number 6. Who your mother and father are 7. Who your siblings are 8. Your address 9. Your home phone number 10. Your birthday 15 Tips to Stay Safe Online - The Internet is a public place and it us up to you to protect yourself. Here are some tips to help you stay safe when using the internet. 1. Be mindful of what you share online and what sites you share it to 2. Do not just accept terms and conditions; read it 3. Know the security features of the social networking site you use. By keeping your profile private, search engines will not be able to scan your profile 4. Do not share your passwords with anyone 5. Avoid logging in to public networks/Wi-fi. Browsing in “incognito (or private) mode will not protect you from hackers 6. Do not talk to strangers whether online or face-to-face 7. Never post anything about a future vacation. It is similar to posting, “rob my house at this date.” 8. Add friends you know in real life 9. Avoid visiting untrusted websites 10. Install and update an antivirus software on your computer. Use only one anti- virus software to avoid conflicts 11. If you have WIFI at home, make it private network by adding a password  12. Avoid downloading anything from untrusted websites 13. Think before you click 14. Do not reply or click links from suspicious emails 15. Make online purchase from secure sites Internet Threats: - Cause harm to computer operating system. 1. Malware – Stands for malicious software  Types: Virus, Worm, Trojan Horse, Spyware, Adware, Ransomware A. Virus – A malicious software program loaded into a user’s computer without the user’s knowledge and performs malicious actions and can be transferred from one computer to another through the Internet and local networks or data storage like flash drives. B. Worm – stand-alone malicious programs that can self-replicate and propagate via computer networks without human help. An example is the ILOVEYOU worm (love bug worm) created by a Filipino; Onel De Guzman – ILOVEYOU bug for free wfi; may 4-5 2000. C. Trojan Horse – A malicious program that is disguised as a useful program but once downloaded or installed, leaves your PC unprotected and allows hackers to get your information. D. Spyware – a program that runs in the background without you knowing it and (this called “spy”). It has the ability to monitor what you are currently doing and typing through key logging. E. Adware – a program designed to send you advertisements, mostly as pop- ups. F. Ransomware – Ransom software is a type of malicious software from cryptovirology that threatens to public the victim’s data or perpetually block access to it unless a ransom is paid. 2. Spam – unwanted email mostly from bots or advertisers. It can be used to send malware 3. Phishing – its goal is to acquire sensitive personal information like passwords and credit card details   Cryptovirology – is the study of applications of cryptography to build the malicious software  Cryptography – is the art of science of achieving security by encoding message to make them non-readable  Copy Infringement – It is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission for a usage where such permission is required.  Here are some tips that could help you avoid copyright infringement: 1. Always assume that the work is copyrighted 2. Do not copy, share or alter without seeking permission 3. Review and retain licensing agreements 4. Consider buying content 5. Give credit to the original author of the page or information Why do hackers hack? Self-fulfillment 1. Steal/leak information 2. Disrupt services 3. Make a point 4. Money 5. Driven by purpose – hacktivism, idealism, political motives. Lesson 3: Advanced Techniques using Microsoft Word Microsoft word – is a word processing program used to create, format, save, and print letters, manuals contracts, proposals, reports, newsletters, card flyers, invitations, certificate, forms, envelopes, blog post, webpages, signs, manuscript, or books with table of contents and other documents. Uses of MS Word: Given below are the different fields in which MS Word is used and simplifies the work of an individual. 1. Education – It is considered as one of the simplest tools which can be used by both teachers and students. Creating notes is easier using MS word as they can be made more interactive by adding shapes and images. It is also convenient to make assignments on MS Word and submitting them online 2. Workplace – submitting letters, bills, creating reports, letterheads, sample documents, can all easily be done using MS Word 3. Creating and Updating Resume – one of the best tools to create your resumes and is easy to edit and make changes in it as per your experience.  4. For authors – Since separate options are available for bibliography, tables of contents, etc., it is the best tool which can be used by authors for writing books and adjusting it as per the layout and alignment of your choice. Mail Merge – This feature of Microsoft word allows you to create documents and combine them with another document Mail merging basically requires two components: 1. Main document – the document that contains the body of the message we want to convey or send. Example: letter 2. Data source – it is your excel spreadsheet containing the names and addresses you want to merge into a word document from the data source. How to Perform Mail Merge?  Create the main document  Create data source  Merge data with document Ribbon: Inserting Illustrations An illustration in Microsoft Office is visualization or drawing that is in the form of pictures, Clip Art, shapes, SmartArt, charts or screen clippings. You can insert illustrations easily using the Illustrations group of the Insert tab. 1. To insert a picture from a file, do the following:  Click where you want to insert the picture in your document.  The Illustrations group of the Insert tab, click Picture. Insert Picture dialog box will appear.  Locate the picture that you want to insert.  Double-click the picture that you want to insert. Format tab of the Picture tools will appear on the ribbon at the same time the picture is inserted. 2. To insert a Clip Art/Icons, do the following:  Click where you want to insert the Clip Art/Icons in your document.  The Illustrations group of the Insert tab, click Clip Art/Icons. Clip Art/Icons Task panel will appear usually at the right side of the window.  In the Search for text box of the Clip Art/Icons task pane, type a word or phrase that describes the clip art/Icons that you want.  In the Results should be drop-down list box, you may want to modify your search by selecting a particular media type or all media file types.  List of results will be displayed.  Click the desired clip art to insert it. 3. To insert a Shape, do the following:  In the Illustrations group of the Insert tab, click Shapes.  Click the shape that you want.  Click anywhere in the document, and then drag to insert the shape. 4. To insert a SmartArt, do the following:  In the Illustrations group of the Insert tab, click SmartArt. Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box will appear.  Select from the list of SmartArt that you want and then click OK.  Enter your text by clicking [Text] in the Text pane, and then type your text. If the Text pane is not visible, click the control as shown. 5. To insert a Chart, do the following:  Click where you want to insert the chart in your document.  In the Illustrations group of the Insert tab, click Chart. Insert Chart dialog box will appear.  Select the type of chart that you want and then click OK. MS Excel window will appear together with the chart.  Edit the data in the MS Excel window. You can close Excel after editing the data. 6. To insert a Screen Clipping, do the following:  When you click the Screenshot button, you can insert the whole program window or use the Screen Clipping tool to select part of a window. Remember that only windows that have not been minimized to the taskbar can be captured.  Click the window you want to clip from.  Click where you want to insert the screen clipping in your document.  In the Illustrations group of the Insert tab, click Screenshot. 7. To delete illustrations, do the following:  Select the illustration that you want to delete.  Press the Delete key. Formatting Illustrations 1. To resize illustrations, do the following:  Select the illustration that you want to resize.  The sizing handles will appear.  Click and drag any of the sizing handles. The sizing handles will tell you the direction of where you are going to stretch the object. The arrow circle above the illustration is the rotating handle which you can use to rotate the object. 2. To format pictures and clip art/icons, do the following:  Select the picture that you want to format. Format tab of the Picture Tools will appear.  To improve the brightness, contrast and sharpness of the object, click Corrections and then select from the available thumbnails.  To improve the color quality of the object, click Color and then select from the available thumbnails.  To add artistic effects to the picture, click Artistic Effects and then select from the available thumbnails.  To add visual style to the whole picture or clip art/icons, click the More drop-down arrow in the Picture Styles group;  Click one from the gallery of picture styles. You can also click Picture Border to add border or Picture Effects to add other visual effects to the object. 3. To format shapes, do the following:  Select the shape that you want to format. Format tab of the Drawing Tools will appear.  To quickly change the appearance of the shape, click the More drop-down arrow of the Shape Styles and then click one from the gallery of shape styles.  You may click also any of these three buttons if you want to fill the shape with color, change the line width or style, or add effects to the shape. 4. To design the SmartArt graphic, do the following:  Select the SmartArt that you want to add design to. Design and Format tabs of the SmartArt Tools will appear.  To change the colors of the SmartArt, click Change Colors in the Design tab and then select one from the gallery of themes.  To change the visual style of the SmartArt, click the More dropdown arrow of the SmartArt Styles group in the Design tab and then select one from the gallery.  To add shape to the SmartArt graphic, click the Add Shape dropdown arrow in the Create Graphic group of the Design tab and then select the appropriate command on where to insert the shape from the menu. 5. To design a chart, do the following:  Select the chart that you want to add design to. Design, Layout and Format tabs of the Chart Tools will appear.  To change the visual style of the chart, click the More drop-down arrow of the Chart Styles under the Design tab and then select one from the gallery.  To edit the data of the chart, click Edit Data of the Data group under the Design tab. MS Excel window will appear. This is where you can edit the data of your chart. Close the Excel window as soon as you are finished editing.  To add labels to your chart, go to the Layout tab and click the appropriate button in the Labels group. KINDS OF MATERIALS There are various kinds of materials Microsoft Word is capable of integrating to make your documents richer, more impressive, and more informative. a.JPG – pronounced as “jay-peg”. Short term for Joint Photographic Experts Group. This type of image file can support 16.7 million colors. Suitable for use when working with full color photographic images. b.GIF – is stands for Graphics Interchange Format. This type of image file is capable of displaying transparencies and animation. It only supports 256 colors. c.PNG – is stands for Portable Network Graphics. It is capable of displaying transparencies but not animation. It supports only 16 million colors. d. Clip art or Icons - This is generally a.GIF type; line art drawings or images used as generic representation for ideas and objects that you might want to integrate in your document. e. Shapes - These are printable objects or materials that you can integrate in your document to enhance its appearance or to allow you to have some tools to use for composing and representing ideas or messages. f. SmartArt - Generally, these are predefined sets of different shapes grouped together to form ideas that are organizational or structural in nature. g. Chart - Another type of material that you can integrate in your Word document that allows you to represent data characteristics and trends. h. Screenshots - Screenshot. Sometimes, creating reports or manuals for training or procedure will require the integration of a more realistic image of what you are discussing on your report or manual. LESSON 4: Advanced Techniques using Microsoft Excel What is spreadsheets? It is a software application that enables a user to save, sort and manage data in an arranged form of rows and columns. Spreadsheets are made up of the following: 1. Rows-Identified with numeric headings 2. Columns-Identified with alphabetic headings 3. Cells-are the intersection of rows and columns 4. Cell Reference-also known as cell address that identifies a cell on a worksheet. 5. Active Cell- the currently selected cell in a spreadsheet and is indicated by a bold outline that surrounds the cell 4. Texts or labels- Identifies the purpose of the cell, it can be a brief instruction, a title or caption. 5. Number data or constant- A value that doesn’t change and is directly inserted into a cell. 6. Formula (mathematical equations)- An expression that calculates the value of a cell. 7. Mathematical Operators- MS Excel uses standard operators for formulas. 8. Functions- These are pre-defined formulas that are already available in MS Excel. Take Note: A formula always begin with an equal (=) sign. Commonly Used Excel Functions SUM Adds all the numbers in a range of cells EXAMPLE: =SUM(C5:C8) COUNT Counts the number of cells that contain numbers. EXAMPLE: =COUNT(B2:B13) MIN Returns the smallest number in a set of values. EXAMPLE: =MIN(B2:B13) MAX Returns the largest value in a set of values. EXAMPLE: =MAX(B2:B13) AVERAGE Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments. EXAMPLE: =AVERAGE(B2:C2) SUMIF Adds the cells specified by a given condition or criteria. SUMIF function has the following syntax: SUMIF(range, criteria, sum_range) Range – The range of cells that you want to evaluate based on a given criteria. Criteria – It determines which cells will be added. Sum_Range – These are the cells containing numeric values and the cells to add if the condition is met. For example, you want to find the total ratings of the teachers in terms of the product’s quality. The formula to use to get the total ratings of the teachers is shown below. Sometimes the use of sum_range is optional just like in the example below. The formula in the following example will add the total scores of the students which are higher than 10. Students with scores lower than ten will not be added. AVERAGEIF Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meet a given criteria. AVERAGEIF function has the following syntax: AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, averange_range) Range – The range of cells that you want to apply the criteria. Criteria – It determines which cells to average. Average_Range – These are the cells containing numeric values and the actual set of cells to average. For example, you want to get the average of the students’ ratings in terms of the product’s quality. The formula to use to get the average rating of the students is shown below. COUNTIF Counts the number of cells within a range that meet a single criterion that you specify. COUNTIF function has the following syntax: COUNTIF(range, criteria) Range – The range of cells to count. Criteria – The criteria that determines which cells to be counted. The formula =COUNTIF(I3:I7,”YES”) will count the number of respondents that voted for “Yes”. If you want to count the number of students who got grades of 90 and above in the first quarter you can use the formula below. The example below shows the formula on how to count the number of students who got grades of 85 and above from the first to the second quarter. IF This function is one of the most popular functions in Excel. It can perform a logical test and returns one value if TRUE, and another value if FALSE. The following is the syntax of IF function: IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false) Logical Test - A value or logical expression that can be evaluated as True or False. Value if True – The value to return if the logical test or logical expression evaluates to TRUE. Value if False – The value to return if the logical test or logical expression evaluates to FALSE. The table below shows the formula to display “Passed” if the student’s average is 75 and above, and “Failed” if the average is below 75. Since the cell reference H2 has the value of 73.6, “Failed” will be displayed. But not in the case of cell references H3 and H4, since their values are higher than 75 “Passed” will be displayed.