Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring PDF

JEAN WATSON: Theory of Human Caring "The Nursing profession, and each nurse within it, is invited to consider/reconsider: How do we walk through life? How do we get our footing to bring the artistry of caring and global caritas consciousness into...

JEAN WATSON: Theory of Human Caring "The Nursing profession, and each nurse within it, is invited to consider/reconsider: How do we walk through life? How do we get our footing to bring the artistry of caring and global caritas consciousness into our lives, our work, and our world?" A Lecture by: ARLENE L GALON RN, MAN After 45 minutes of Lecture, the level I students will be able to: 1. Outline the biography of Jean Watson 2. Describe Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring 3. Identify the major assumptions of the theory. 4. Discuss the major concepts ans metaparadigms of the theory. 5. Expound on the 10 Carative Factors and how to achieve it. 6. Trace Watson's Hierarchy of Needs 7. Gain perspective on Watson's Theory and the Nursing Process. 8. Provide a sound analysis of Watson's theory and its applicability to Nursing Practice today. 9. List the strengths and weaknesses of the theory." Dr. Jean Watson is a nurse theorist who developed “Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring” or “Caring Science” and founder of Watson Caring Science Institute.  BIOGRAPHY Personal Life: Jean Watson was born Margaret Jean Harmon and grew up in Welch, West Virginia. She was the youngest of 8 children and was surrounded by an extended family–community environment. Watson attended high school in West Virginia and then the Lewis Gale School of Nursing in Roanoke, Virginia, where she graduated in 1961 After her graduation in 1961, Jean Watson married her husband, Douglas, and moved west to his native state of Colorado. In 1997, she experienced an accidental injury that resulted in the loss of her left eye, and soon after, in 1998, her husband, whom she considers as her physical and spiritual partner, and her best friend passed away and left Watson and their two grown daughters, Jennifer and Julie, and five grandchildren. Education: Jean Watson ardently and quickly progressed through her nursing education, earning her bachelor’s degree in nursing in 1964, a master of science in psychiatric and mental health nursing in 1966, and a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973, all from the University of Colorado at Boulder. 1978 – 1981 – Coordinator and Director of the nursing PhD program (University of Colorado School of Nursing) 1983 – 1990 – Dean (UC School of Nursing and Associate Director of Nursing Practice (University Hospital) Watson received six honorary doctoral degrees and three Honorary Doctorates. 1993 – She received the National League for Nursing (NLN) Martha E. Rogers Award 1993 – 1996 – served as a member of the Executive Committee and the Governing Board and as an officer for the NLN 1995 – 1996 – elected president of NLN 1998 – recognized as a Distinguished Nurse Scholar by the NY University 1999 – assumed the nation’s first MurchisonScoville Endowed Chair of Caring Science  Qatar Conference Unified Caring Model for Gulf Countries UAE Charles Drew University Medicine Dymally School of Nursing, Los Angeles International Hiroshima Conference on Caring and Peace Lecture series celebration, Taken at St Peter’s College, New Jersey Works Watson has authored 11 books, shared in the authorship of six books, and has written countless nursing journal articles. The following publications reflect her theory of caring from her ideas about the philosophy and science of caring. 1. Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring (1979) 2. Human Science and Human Care – A Theory of Nursing (1985) 3.Postmodern Nursing and Beyond (1999) 4. Instruments for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences (2002) 5. Caring Science as Sacred Science (2005) Recent books include : 6. Measuring Caring:International Research on Caritas as Healing (Nelson & Watson, 2011), 7. Creating a Caring Science Curriculum (Hills & Watson, 2011), and 8. Human Caring Science: A Theory of Nursing (Watson, 2012).  THEORY OF HUMAN CARING BY JEAN WATSON Nowadays, a lot of people choose nursing as a profession. There are many reasons to consider becoming a professional nurse, but compassion is often a trait required of nurses. This is for the reason that taking care of the patients’ needs is its primary purpose. Jean Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring is concerned on how nurses express care to their patients. Her theory stresses the humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. Holistic approach to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing.  What is Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring? According to Watson's theory: “Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.” It focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases. According to Watson, caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical cure. She believes that a holistic approach to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. According to her Theory of Human Caring, caring can be demonstrated and practiced by nurses. Caring for patients promotes growth; a caring environment accepts a person as they are and looks to what they may become. TRANSPERSONAL CARING REALTIONSHIP Watson (1999) describes a “Transpersonal Caring Relationship” as foundational to her theory; it is a “special kind of human care relationship—a union with another person— high regard for the whole person and their being-in-the-world”  7 ASSUMPTIONS OF WATSON'S MODEL (1) Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally. (2) Caring consists of Carative Factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs. (3) Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth. (4) Caring responses accept the patient as he or she is now, as well as what he or she may become. (5) A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the patient to choose the best action for him or herself at a given point in time. (6) A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing. (7) The practice of caring is central to nursing. Three Metaparadigm Concepts in Nursing: Person Health Nursing  FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS/ METAPARADIGM NURSING HUMAN BEING HEALTH ENVIRONMENT Nursing is a human Human being is a valued Health is the unity and Watson does not define this science of persons and person to be cared for, harmony within the mind, body, but instead devised 10 human health-illness respected, nurtured, and soul; Carative factors critical experiences that are understood, and assisted; associated with the “degree of to the caring human mediated by in general a philosophical congruence between the self experience that need to professional, personal, view of a person as a fully as perceived and the self as be addressed by nurses scientific, esthetic, and functional integrated self. experienced”. with their patients when ethical human care Human is viewed as “Illness is not necessarily in a caring role. transactions. greater than and different disease; instead it is a from the sum of his or her subjective turmoil of parts. disharmony within aperson’s inner self or soul.”  OTHER MAJOR CONCEPTS SOCIETY ACTUAL CARING The society provides the values TRANSPERSONAL that determine how one should OCCASION The transpersonal concept is behave and what goals one an intersubjective human-to- should strive toward. Watson The actual caring occasion human relationship in which states: involves actions and the nurse affects and is " Caring (and nursing) has choices by the nurse and affected by the other person. the individual. The moment Both are fully present in the existed in every society. Every society has had some people of coming together on a moment and feel a union with who have cared for others. A caring occasion presents the other; they share a caring attitude is not transmitted the two persons with the phenomenal field that from generation to generation opportunity to decide how becomes part of both’s a life to be in the relationship – story. by genes. The culture of the profession transmits it as a what to do with the unique way of coping with its moment. environment.”  Carative Factors and Caritas Process Carative Factors Caritas Process 1. “The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values.” “Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within the context of caring consciousness.” 2. “The instillation of faith-hope.” “Being authentically present and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life-world of self and one being cared for.” 3. “The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others.” “Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self going beyond the ego- self.” 4. “Development of a helping-trust relationship” became “development of a helping-trusting, human caring relation” “Developing and sustaining a helping trusting, authentic caring relationship.” 5. “The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative “Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a feelings.” connection with deeper spirit and self and the one-being-cared for.” 6. “The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision “Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in making” became “systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process” the artistry of caring-healing practices.” 7. “The promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning.” “Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to the unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within others’ frame of reference.” 8. “The provision of the supportive, protective, and (or) corrective mental, “Creating healing environment at all levels (physical as well as the nonphysical, subtle physical, societal, and spiritual environment.” environment of energy and consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated)” 9, “The assistance with the gratification of human needs.” “Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering ‘human care essentials,’ which potentiate alignment of mind-body-spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care.” 10. “The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces” became “Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of one’s own “allowance for existential-phenomenological spiritual forces” life-death; soul care for self and the one-being-cared for” Watson's Theory and The Nursing Process Assessment: Observation, identification, and review of the problem and the formation of a hypothesis. Plan: Creating a care plan helps the nurse determine how variables would be examined or measured and what data would be collected. Intervention: Implementation of the care plan and data collection. Evaluation analyzes the data, interprets the results, and may lead to an additional hypothesis. WATSON’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Higher order intrapersonal or Growth-seeking need: self- actualization. Higher order psychosocial needs or Integrative Needs: Need for achievement, and affiliation Lower-order psychophysical needs or Functional needs: Need for activity, inactivity, and sexuality Lower-order biophysical needs or Survival needs: need for food and fluid, elimination, and ventilation. Analysis: It is undeniable that technology has already been part of nursing’s whole paradigm with the evolving era of development. Watson’s purely “caring” suggestion without giving much attention to technological machinery cannot be solely applied. Her statement is praiseworthy because she dealt with the importance of the nurse-patient interaction rather than a practice confined with technology. Watson stated the term “soul-satisfying” when giving out care for the clients. Her concepts guide the nurse to an ideal quality nursing care provided for the patient. This would further increase the involvement of both the patient and the nurse when the experience is satisfying.  Strengths Weakness Although some consider Watson’s theory complex, The theory does not furnish explicit direction about what many find it easy to understand. The model can guide to do to achieve authentic caring-healing relationships. and improve practice as it can equip healthcare Nurses who want concrete guidelines may not feel providers with the most satisfying aspects of practice secure when trying to use this theory alone. Some have and provide the client with holistic care. suggested that it takes too much time to incorporate the Caritas into practice, and some note that Watson’s Watson considered using nontechnical, sophisticated, personal growth emphasis is a quality “that while fluid, and evolutionary language to artfully describe her appealing to some may not appeal to others.” concepts, such as caring-love, carative factors, and Caritas. Also, the theory is logical in that the carative factors are based on broad assumptions that provide a supportive framework. The carative factors are logically derived from the assumptions and related to the hierarchy of needs. Watson’s theory is best understood as a moral and philosophical basis for nursing. The scope of the framework encompasses broad aspects of health-illness phenomena. Also, the theory addresses aspects of health promotion, preventing illness, and experiencing peaceful death, thereby increasing its generality. The carative factors provide guidelines for nurse-patient interactions, an important aspect of patient care.  Conclusion: The Philosophy and Science of Caring addresses how nurses express care to their patients. Caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical cure. Watson believes that a holistic approach to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. This led to the formulation of the 10 carative factors. Describing her theory as descriptive, Watson acknowledges the theory’s evolving nature and welcomes input from others Watson’s theory continues to provide a useful and important metaphysical orientation for the delivery of nursing care. Watson’s theoretical concepts, such as the use of self, patient-identified needs, the caring process, and the spiritual sense of being human, may help nurses and their patients to find meaning and harmony during a period of increasing complexity. The End! References Alligood, M., & Tomey, A. (2010). Nursing theorists and their work, seventh edition. Maryland Heights: Mosby-Elsevier. Dr. Watson’s Facebook Page for the photos Dr. Jean Watson. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2013, from https://watsoncaringscience.org/about-us/jean-bio/ Watson, J. (1979). Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange. Watson, J. (1999). Postmodern nursing and beyond. In McEwen, M. and Wills, E. (Ed.). Theoretical basis for nursing. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Watson, J. (2005). Caring science as a sacred science. In McEwen, M. and Wills, E. (Ed.). Theoretical basis for nursing. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Watson, J. (2006). From carative factors to clinical caritas processes. Retrieved March 18, 2006, from https://www2.uchsc.edu/son/caring/content/evolution.asp. In Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A., Snyder, S. (Ed.). Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process, and practice. (7th ed.). Philippines: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd. External Links Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring, Revised Edition Nursing: Human Science and Human Care, a Theory of Nursing Postmodern Nursing and Beyond, 1e Instruments for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences (2002) By Jean Watson – Caring Science as Sacred Science: 1st (first) Edition Watson Caring Science Institute and International Caritas Consortium Dr. Jean Watson’s Facebook