Chapter 03: Hardware: Input, Processing, Output: PDF

Chapter 03: Hardware: Input, Processing, Output and Storage Devices Stair, Reynolds and Chesney: Principles of Business Information Systems, Fourth edition (9781473774605) © Cengage Learning 2021  Principles Assembling an effe...

Chapter 03: Hardware: Input, Processing, Output and Storage Devices Stair, Reynolds and Chesney: Principles of Business Information Systems, Fourth edition (9781473774605) © Cengage Learning 2021  Principles Assembling an effective, efficient set of computer hardware devices requires understanding their role in supporting the underlying information systems and the needs of the organization. The computer hardware objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information systems and the needs of the organization When selecting computer hardware, you must consider the current and future needs of the information systems and the organization. Your choice of a hardware device should always allow for later improvements to meet evolving organizational needs ( can you give me one word to summarized this sentence?) For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Hardware for processing Each computer processes its input through one or more central processing units and primary storage For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Consists of three associated elements: The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons The control unit sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, registers, primary and secondary storage, and various output devices Registers are high-speed storage areas used to temporarily hold small units of program instructions and data immediately before, during, and after execution by the CPU For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning »Quiz 2 Chapter 2 Next week Monday lecture time. For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Primary storage Primary storage or main memory provides the CPU with a working storage area for program instructions and data The chief feature of main memory is that it rapidly provides the data and instructions to the CPU Main memory devices contain thousands of circuits imprinted on a silicon chip. Each circuit is either conducting electrical current (on) or not (off), known as binary digits, or bits Data is stored in memory as a combination of on or off circuit states, with each character represented by 8 bits For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Secondary storage The amount of data that companies store digitally is increasing at a rate of close to 100 per cent per year! Secondary storage, also called permanent storage, allows organizations to store large amounts of data and instructions more permanently than main memory allows Compared with main memory, secondary storage offers the advantages of non-volatility, greater capacity, and greater economy For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning HDD and SSD For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Secondary storage devices Magnetic tape Magnetic disk HDD RAID (redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks) Virtual tape Optical discs Digital versatile disc (DVD) Holographic disc (optical disc technology that was expected to store up to several terabytes of data ) Memory cards (including flash memory) For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Enterprise storage options Attached storage: the devices discussed before, attached to a single computer Network-attached storage: storage devices that attach to a network instead of to a single computer Storage area network: similar to network-attached storage, except there is a dedicated, special-purpose, high-speed network that provides direct connections between data-storage devices and computers across the enterprise For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Data input Input often requires transferring human-readable data, such as a sales order, into the computer system ‘Human-readable’ means data that people can read and understand. A sheet of paper containing inventory figures is an example of human-readable data Machine-readable data, such as a bar code, can be understood and read by computer devices Getting data into the computer system is a two-stage process: – human-readable data is converted into a machine-readable form through data entry – transferring the machine-readable data into the system. This is data input For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Input devices 1 Keyboard and mouse Speech-recognition technology: enables a computer equipped with a source of audio input such as a microphone to interpret human speech as an means of providing data or instructions to the computer Digital cameras Terminals For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Input devices 2 Scanning devices Optical data readers: optical mark recognition (OMR) such as that used on a multiple choice exam to detect a mark on a page, and optical character recognition (OCR) to ‘read’ handwritten (or typed) characters Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices: used to read ‘magnetic ink’, found at the bottom of bank cheques For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Input Devices OMR OCR MICR For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Input devices 3 Magnetic stripe card, e.g. credit card: input is by swiping the card through a reader Chip and pin cards: credit cards with improved security features. Contactless cards Point-of-sale devices: for example, a bar code reader Automated teller machine (ATM) devices: special- purpose input/output devices that bank customers use to perform withdrawals and other transactions with their bank accounts For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Input devices 4 Pen Input Devices: data can be input by touching a screen with a pen input device, on a tablet PC for instance Touch-Sensitive Screens Radio Frequency Identification: a reader sends a radio signal which is picked up and returned by a tag; the reader recognises and identifies the tag. London’s Oyster card uses RFID technology to let public transport passengers pay their fare. Passengers top up their card with funds and a reader in the station takes payment off the built-in chip For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Output devices 1 Display Monitors: the display monitor is a device similar to a TV screen that displays output from the computer Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs): LCD displays are flat displays that use liquid crystals to form characters and graphic images on a backlit screen Organic Light-Emitting Diodes: used in small electronic devices. OLEDs use the same base technology as LCDs, with one key difference: Whereas LCD screens contain a fluorescent backlight and the LCD acts as a shutter to selectively block that light, OLEDs directly emit light For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Output devices 2 Printers and plotters: paper output remains one of the most popular and useful forms of output Digital audio player: an mp3 player, or iPod Computer-based navigation systems: GPS systems are becoming more popular with drivers 3D printers are specialized output devices E-book readers For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning » HW and Assignment file name » Your name –ID- Sec number- HW1 For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Types of computer system 1 Handheld computer: also known as pocket PCs, or A personal digital assistant (PDAs these are extremely mobile, multi-function devices Smart phone: when a handheld computer can also be used to make phone calls, it is a smart phone (note there is no agreed definition on how smart a phone has to be, before it is classed as a smart phone) Portable Computers: laptops and tablet PCs Thin Client: low cost, these have limited capabilities and perform only essential applications, so they remain ‘thin’ in terms of the client applications they include For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Types of computer system 2 Desktop PC: the traditional view of what a computer looks like Workstation: more powerful than a Desktop PC, but essentially look the same Server: used by many users to perform a specific task, typically these have large memory and storage capacities, along with fast and efficient communications abilities. – A web server handles Internet traffic – An Internet caching server stores web sites – An enterprise server stores and provides access to programs that meet the needs of an entire organization – A file server stores and coordinates program and data files – An e-mail server sends and receives e-mails For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Types of computer system 3 Mainframe Computers: a large, powerful computer shared by dozens or even hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network. Must be kept in a data centre with specially controlled temperature, humidity, and dust levels. The role of the mainframe changing to be a large information-processing and data-storage utility for an organization – running jobs too large for other computers, storing files and databases too large to be stored elsewhere, and storing backups of files and databases created elsewhere Supercomputers: the most powerful computers with the fastest processing speed and highest performance, these are special- purpose machines designed for applications that require extensive and rapid computational capabilities For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning Selecting and upgrading computer systems Hard drive considerations: capacity, speed, and media capabilities are key features. Today’s business software and large video, audio, and graphics files require lots of storage Main memory considerations: having more RAM means you can run software faster Printer considerations: major considerations are price, colour, and speed Many companies now consider environmental issues, as well when selecting and upgrading For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Summary Hardware: machinery that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system Hardware components: central processing unit (CPU), input and output devices, communications devices, primary storage devices, and secondary storage devices Secondary storage devices: e.g. magnetic tapes and disks, DVDs, memory cards, etc. Enterprise storage options: attached storage, network- attached storage (NAS), and storage area network (SAN) For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Summary (continued) Examples of input devices: keyboards, mice, voice- recognition devices, terminals, scanning devices, and touch-sensitive screens Examples of output devices: display monitors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), printers, and plotters Computers can be classified as either special-purpose or general-purpose Computer system types: handheld computers, portable computers, desktop computers, workstations, servers, etc. For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Summary by students » Hardware is the physical component for computer such as RAM , CPU etc.. » There are two types of storages in computers: primary storage and secondery stor age(permanent storage). Mainframe computer large storage. For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning  Summary by students » Hardware is the physical components of computers » In mainframe computers we can put more than one CPU For use with Principles of Business Information Systems, 4e by Stair, Reynolds & Chesney © 2021 Cengage Learning