Active Calculus PDF

Active Calculus Matthew Boelkins  Contents Index   Prev  Up Next  2.3 The product and quotient rules 2.4 Derivatives of other tri...

Active Calculus Matthew Boelkins  Contents Index   Prev  Up Next  2.3 The product and quotient rules 2.4 Derivatives of other trigonometric functions 2.3 The product and quotient rules 2.5 The chain rule Motivating Questions 2.6 Derivatives of Inverse Functions How does the algebraic structure of a function guide us in computing its 2.7 Derivatives of Functions Given derivative using shortcut rules? Implicitly How do we compute the derivative of a product of two basic functions in 2.8 Using Derivatives to Evaluate terms of the derivatives of the basic functions? Limits How do we compute the derivative of a quotient of two basic functions in 3 Using Derivatives terms of the derivatives of the basic functions? 3.1 Using derivatives to identify extreme values How do the product and quotient rules combine with the sum and constant multiple rules to expand the library of functions we can 3.2 Using derivatives to describe families of functions differentiate quickly? 3.3 Global Optimization 3.4 Applied Optimization So far, we can differentiate power functions (xn), exponential functions (ax), and 3.5 Related Rates the two fundamental trigonometric functions (sin(x) and cos(x)). With the sum rule and constant multiple rules, we can also compute the derivative of 4 The Definite Integral combined functions. 4.1 Determining distance traveled from velocity 4.2 Riemann Sums Example 2.3.1. Differentiate 4.3 The Definite Integral f(x) = 7x11 − 4 ⋅ 9x + π sin(x) − √3 cos(x) 4.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Because f is a sum of basic functions, we can now quickly say that 5 Evaluating Integrals f ′(x) = 77x10 − 4 ⋅ 9x ln(9) + π cos(x) + √3 sin(x). 5.1 Constructing Accurate Graphs of Antiderivatives What about a product or quotient of two basic functions, such as 5.2 The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus p(z) = z3 cos(z), 5.3 Integration by Substitution 5.4 Integration by Parts or 5.5 Other Options for Finding Algebraic Antiderivatives ? sin(t) q(t) = 5.6 Numerical Integration 2t 6 Using Definite Integrals While the derivative of a sum is the sum of the derivatives, it turns out that the rules for computing derivatives of products and quotients are more complicated. Preview Activity 2.3.1. Let f and g be the functions defined by f(t) = 2t2 and g(t) = t3 + 4t. a. Determine f ′(t) and g′(t). b. Let p(t) = 2t2(t3 + 4t) and observe that p(t) = f(t) ⋅ g(t). Rewrite the formula for p by distributing the 2t2 term. Then, compute p′(t) using the sum and constant multiple rules. c. True or false: p′(t) = f ′(t) ⋅ g′(t). d. Let q(t) = t +24t and observe that q(t) = f(t). Rewrite the formula for q 3 g(t) 2t by dividing each term in the numerator by the denominator and simplify to write q as a sum of constant multiples of powers of t. Then, compute q ′(t) using the sum and constant multiple rules. e. True or false: q t) =. ′( g′(t) f ′(t) 2.3.1 The product rule As part (b) of Preview Activity 2.3.1 shows, it is not true in general that the derivative of a product of two functions is the product of the derivatives of those functions. To see why this is the case, we consider an example involving meaningful functions. Say that an investor is regularly purchasing stock in a particular company. Let N (t) represent the number of shares owned on day t, where t = 0 represents the first day on which shares were purchased. Let S(t) give the value of one share of the stock on day t; note that the units on S(t) are dollars per share. To compute the total value of the stock on day t, we take the product V (t) = N (t) shares ⋅ S(t) dollars per share. Observe that over time, both the number of shares and the value of a given share will vary. The derivative N ′(t) measures the rate at which the number of shares is changing, while S ′(t) measures the rate at which the value per share is changing. How do these respective rates of change affect the rate of change of the total value function? To help us understand the relationship among changes in N , S , and V , let’s consider some specific data. Suppose that on day 100, the investor owns 520 shares of stock and the stock’s current value is $27.50 per share. This tells us that N (100) = 520 and S(100) = 27.50. On day 100, the investor purchases an additional 12 shares (so the number of shares held is rising at a rate of 12 shares per day). On that same day the price of the stock is rising at a rate of 0.75 dollars per share per day. In calculus notation, the latter two facts tell us that N ′(100) = 12 (shares per day) and S ′(100) = 0.75 (dollars per share per day). At what rate is the value of the investor’s total holdings changing on day 100? Observe that the increase in total value comes from two sources: the growing number of shares, and the rising value of each share. If only the number of shares is increasing (and the value of each share is constant), the rate at which which total value would rise is the product of the current value of the shares and the rate at which the number of shares is changing. That is, the rate at which total value would change is given by dollars shares dollars S(100) ⋅ N ′(100) = 27.50. share day day ⋅ 12 = 330 Note particularly how the units make sense and show the rate at which the total value V is changing, measured in dollars per day. If instead the number of shares is constant, but the value of each share is rising, the rate at which the total value would rise is the product of the number of shares and the rate of change of share value. The total value is rising at a rate of dollars per share dollars N (100) ⋅ S ′(100) = 520 shares ⋅ 0.75. day day = 390 Of course, when both the number of shares and the value of each share are changing, we have to include both of these sources. In that case the rate at which the total value is rising is dollars ′ ′ ′. day V (100) = S(100) ⋅ N (100) + N (100) ⋅ S (100) = 330 + 390 = 720 We expect the total value of the investor’s holdings to rise by about $720 on the 100th day. 1 Next, we expand our perspective from the specific example above to the more general and abstract setting of a product p of two differentiable functions, f and g. If P (x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x), our work above suggests that P ′(x) = f(x)g′(x) + g(x)f ′(x). Indeed, a formal proof using the limit definition of the derivative can be given to show that the following rule, called the product rule, holds in general. Product Rule. If f and g are differentiable functions, then their product P (x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x) is also a differentiable function, and P ′(x) = f(x)g′(x) + g(x)f ′(x). In light of the earlier example involving shares of stock, the product rule also makes sense intuitively: the rate of change of P should take into account both how fast f and g are changing, as well as how large f and g are at the point of interest. In words the product rule says: if P is the product of two functions f (the first function) and g (the second), then “the derivative of P is the first times the derivative of the second, plus the second times the derivative of the first.” It is often a helpful mental exercise to say this phrasing aloud when executing the product rule. Example 2.3.2. If P (z) = z3 ⋅ cos(z), we can use the product rule to differentiate P. The first function is z3 and the second function is cos(z). By the product rule, P ′ will be given by the first, z3, times the derivative of the second, − sin(z), plus the second, cos(z), times the derivative of the first, 3z2. That is, P ′(z) = z3(− sin(z)) + cos(z)3z2 = −z3 sin(z) + 3z2 cos(z). Activity 2.3.2. Use the product rule to answer each of the questions below. Throughout, be sure to carefully label any derivative you find by name. It is not necessary to algebraically simplify any of the derivatives you compute. a. Let m(w) = 3w174w. Find m′(w). b. Let h(t) = (sin(t) + cos(t))t4. Find h′(t). c. Determine the slope of the tangent line to the curve y = f(x) at the point (1, f(1)) if f is given by the rule f(x) = ex sin(x). d. Find the tangent line approximation L(x) to the function y = g(x) at the point (−1, g(−1)) if g is given by the rule g(x) = (x2 + x)2x. 2.3.2 The quotient rule Because quotients and products are closely linked, we can use the product rule to understand how to take the derivative of a quotient. Let Q(x) be defined by Q(x) = f(x)/g(x), where f and g are both differentiable functions. It turns out that Q is differentiable everywhere that g(x) ≠ 0. We would like a formula for Q′ in terms of f , g, f ′, and g′. Multiplying both sides of the formula Q = f/g by g, we observe that f(x) = Q(x) ⋅ g(x). Now we can use the product rule to differentiate f. f ′(x) = Q(x)g′(x) + g(x)Q′(x). We want to know a formula for Q′, so we solve this equation for Q′(x). Q′(x)g(x) = f ′(x) − Q(x)g′(x) and dividing both sides by g(x), we have f ′(x) − Q(x)g′(x) ′ Q (x) =. g(x) Finally, we recall that Q(x) = g(x). Substituting this expression in the preceding f(x) equation, we have f(x) ′ f ′(x) − g(x) g (x) Q′(x) = g(x) f(x) ′ f ′(x) − g (x) g(x) g(x) = ⋅ g(x) g(x) g(x)f ′(x) − f(x)g′(x) =. g(x)2 This calculation gives us the quotient rule. Quotient Rule. If f and g are differentiable functions, then their quotient Q(x) = g(x) is f(x) also a differentiable function for all x where g(x) ≠ 0 and g(x)f ′(x) − f(x)g′(x) ′ Q (x) =. g(x)2 As with the product rule, it can be helpful to think of the quotient rule verbally. If a function Q is the quotient of a top function f and a bottom function g, then Q′ is given by “the bottom times the derivative of the top, minus the top times the derivative of the bottom, all over the bottom squared.” Example 2.3.3. If Q(t) = sin(t)/2t, we call sin(t) the top function and 2t the bottom function. By the quotient rule, Q′ is given by the bottom, 2t, times the derivative of the top, cos(t), minus the top, sin(t), times the derivative of the bottom, 2t ln(2), all over the bottom squared, (2t)2. That is, 2t cos(t) − sin(t)2t ln(2). ′ Q (t) = (2t)2 In this particular example, it is possible to simplify Q′(t) by removing a factor of 2t from both the numerator and denominator, so that. ′ cos(t) − sin(t) ln(2) Q (t) = 2t In general, we must be careful in doing any such simplification, as we don’t want to execute the quotient rule correctly but then make an algebra error. Activity 2.3.3. Use the quotient rule to answer each of the questions below. Throughout, be sure to carefully label any derivative you find by name. That is, if you’re given a formula for f(x), clearly label the formula you find for f ′(x). It is not necessary to algebraically simplify any of the derivatives you compute. a. Let r(z) = 43. Find r′(z). z z +1 b. Let v(t) = cos(t). Find v′(t). in(t)s +t 2 c. Determine the slope of the tangent line to the curve x2 − 2x − 8 R(x) = at the point where x = 0. x2 − 9 d. When a camera flashes, the intensity I of light seen by the eye is given by the function , 100t I(t) = et where I is measured in candles and t is measured in milliseconds. Compute I ′(0.5), I ′(2), and I ′(5); include appropriate units on each value; and discuss the meaning of each. 2.3.3 Combining rules In order to apply the derivative shortcut rules correctly we must recognize the fundamental structure of a function. Example 2.3.4. Determine the derivative of the function x2 f(x) = x sin(x) +. cos(x) + 2 How do we decide which rules to apply? Our first task is to recognize the structure of the function. This function f is a sum of two slightly less complicated functions, so we can apply the sum rule 2 to get ′ d x2 f (x) = [x sin(x) + ] dx cos(x) + 2 d d x2 = [x sin(x)] + [ ] dx dx cos(x) + 2 Now, the left-hand term above is a product, so the product rule is needed there, while the right-hand term is a quotient, so the quotient rule is required. Applying these rules respectively, we find that ′ (cos(x) + 2)2x − x2(− sin(x)) f (x) = (x cos(x) + sin(x)) + (cos(x) + 2)2 2x cos(x) + 4x + x2 sin(x) = x cos(x) + sin(x) +. (cos(x) + 2)2 Example 2.3.5. Differentiate y ⋅ 7y s(y) = 2. y +1 The function s is a quotient of two simpler functions, so the quotient rule will be needed. To begin, we set up the quotient rule and use the notation dy d to indicate the derivatives of the numerator and denominator. Thus, d d (y2 + 1) ⋅ [y ⋅ 7y] − y ⋅ 7y ⋅ [y2 + 1]. dy dy s′(y) = (y2 + 1)2 Now, there remain two derivatives to calculate. The first one, dd [y ⋅ 7y] calls for y use of the product rule, while the second, dd [y2 + 1] needs only the sum rule. y Applying these rules, we now have (y2 + 1)[y ⋅ 7y ln(7) + 7y ⋅ 1] − y ⋅ 7y[2y]. ′ s (y) = 2 2 (y + 1) While some simplification is possible, we are content to leave s′(y) in its current form. Success in applying derivative rules begins with recognizing the structure of the function, followed by the careful and diligent application of the relevant derivative rules. The best way to become proficient at this process is to do a large number of examples. Activity 2.3.4. Use relevant derivative rules to answer each of the questions below. Throughout, be sure to use proper notation and carefully label any derivative you find by name. a. Let f(r) = (5r3 + sin(r))(4r − 2 cos(r)). Find f ′(r). b. Let p(t) =. Find p′(t). cos(t) t6 ⋅ 6t c. Let g(z) = 3z7ez − 2z2 sin(z) + 2+1 z. Find g′(z). z d. A moving particle has its position in feet at time t in seconds given by the function s(t) = 3. Find the particle’s instantaneous velocity at cos(t)−sin(t) t the moment t = 1. e e. Suppose that f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions and it is known that f(3) = −2, f ′(3) = 7, g(3) = 4, and g′(3) = −1. If p(x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x) and q(x) = , calculate p′(3) and q ′(3). f(x) g(x) As the algebraic complexity of the functions we are able to differentiate continues to increase, it is important to remember that all of the derivative’s meaning continues to hold. Regardless of the structure of the function f , the value of f ′(a) tells us the instantaneous rate of change of f with respect to x at the moment x = a, as well as the slope of the tangent line to y = f(x) at the point (a, f(a)). 2.3.4 Summary If a function is a sum, product, or quotient of simpler functions, then we can use the sum, product, or quotient rules to differentiate it in terms of the simpler functions and their derivatives. The product rule tells us that if P is a product of differentiable functions f and g according to the rule P (x) = f(x)g(x), then P ′(x) = f(x)g′(x) + g(x)f ′(x). The quotient rule tells us that if Q is a quotient of differentiable functions f and g according to the rule Q(x) = f(x) g(x) , then g(x)f ′(x) − f(x)g′(x) ′ Q (x) =. g(x)2 Along with the constant multiple and sum rules, the product and quotient rules enable us to compute the derivative of any function that consists of sums, constant multiples, products, and quotients of basic functions. For instance, if F has the form , 2a(x) − 5b(x) F (x) = c(x) ⋅ d(x) then F is a quotient, in which the numerator is a sum of constant multiples and the denominator is a product. This, the derivative of F can be found by applying the quotient rule and then using the sum and constant multiple rules to differentiate the numerator and the product rule to differentiate the denominator. 2.3.5 Exercises 1. Derivative of a basic product. Activate Find the derivative of the function f(x), below. It may be to your advantage to simplify first. f(x) = x ⋅ 13x f ′(x) = 2. Derivative of a product. Activate Find the derivative of the function f(x), below. It may be to your advantage to simplify first. f(x) = (x9 − √x)2 3 x f ′(x) = 3. Derivative of a quotient of linear functions. Activate Find the derivative of the function z, below. It may be to your advantage to simplify first. 2t + 7 z= 8t + 7 dz = dt 4. Derivative of a rational function. Activate Find the derivative of the function h(r), below. It may be to your advantage to simplify first. r3 h(r) = 9r + 13 h′(r) = 5. Derivative of a product of trigonometric functions. Activate Find the derivative of s(q) = 6 cos q sin q. s′(q) = 6. Derivative of a product of power and trigonmetric functions. Activate Find the derivative of f(x) = x5 cos x f ′(x) = 7. Derivative of a sum that involves a product. Activate Find the derivative of h(t) = t sin t + tan t h′(t) = 8. Product and quotient rules with graphs. Activate Let h(x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x), and k(x) = f(x)/g(x). Use the figures below to find the exact values of the indicated derivatives. f (x) g(x) A. h′(1) = B. k′(−2) = (Enter dne for any answer where the derivative does not exist.) 9. Product and quotient rules with given function values. Activate Let F (4) = 4, F ′(4) = 5, H (4) = 4, H ′(4) = 5. A. If G(z) = F (z) ⋅ H (z), then G′(4) = B. If G(w) = F (w)/H (w), then G′(4) = 10. Let f and g be differentiable functions for which the following information is known: f(2) = 5, g(2) = −3, f ′(2) = −1/2, g′(2) = 2. a. Let h be the new function defined by the rule h(x) = g(x) ⋅ f(x). Determine h(2) and h′(2). b. Find an equation for the tangent line to y = h(x) at the point (2, h(2)) (where h is the function defined in (a)). c. Let r be the function defined by the rule r(x) = f(x). Is r increasing, g(x) decreasing, or neither at a = 2? Why? d. Estimate the value of r(2.06) (where r is the function defined in (c)) by using the local linearization of r at the point (2, r(2)). 11. Consider the functions r(t) = tt and s(t) = arccos(t), for which you are given the facts that r′(t) = tt(ln(t) + 1) and s′(t) = − 1. Do not be √1−t2 concerned with where these derivative formulas come from. We restrict our interest in both functions to the domain 0 < t < 1. a. Let w(t) = tt arccos(t). Determine w′(t). b. Find an equation for the tangent line to y = w(t) at the point ( 12 , w( 12 )). c. Let v(t) = arccos(t). Is v increasing or decreasing at the instant t = 1 ? t t 2 Why? 12. Let functions p and q be the piecewise linear functions given by their respective graphs in Figure 2.3.6. Use the graphs to answer the following questions. a. Let r(x) = p(x) ⋅ q(x). Determine r′(−2) and r′(0). b. Are there values of x for which r′(x) does not exist? If so, which values, and why? c. Find an equation for the tangent line to y = r(x) at the point (2, r(2)). d. Let z(x) = p(x). Determine q(x) z′(0) and z′(2). Figure 2.3.6. The graphs of p (in e. Are there values of x for which blue) and q (in green). z′(x) does not exist? If so, which values, and why? 13. A farmer with large land holdings has historically grown a wide variety of crops. With the price of ethanol fuel rising, he decides that it would be prudent to devote more and more of his acreage to producing corn. As he grows more and more corn, he learns efficiencies that increase his yield per acre. In the present year, he used 7000 acres of his land to grow corn, and that land had an average yield of 170 bushels per acre. At the current time, he plans to increase his number of acres devoted to growing corn at a rate of 600 acres/year, and he expects that right now his average yield is increasing at a rate of 8 bushels per acre per year. Use this information to answer the following questions. a. Say that the present year is t = 0, that A(t) denotes the number of acres the farmer devotes to growing corn in year t, Y (t) represents the average yield in year t (measured in bushels per acre), and C(t) is the total number of bushels of corn the farmer produces. What is the formula for C(t) in terms of A(t) and Y (t)? Why? b. What is the value of C(0)? What does it measure? c. Write an expression for C ′(t) in terms of A(t), A′(t), Y (t), and Y ′(t). Explain your thinking. d. What is the value of C ′(0)? What does it measure? e. Based on the given information and your work above, estimate the value of C(1). 14. Let f(v) be the gas consumption (in liters/km) of a car going at velocity v (in km/hour). In other words, f(v) tells you how many liters of gas the car uses to go one kilometer if it is traveling at v kilometers per hour. In addition, suppose that f(80) = 0.05 and f ′(80) = 0.0004. a. Let g(v) be the distance the same car goes on one liter of gas at velocity v. What is the relationship between f(v) and g(v)? Hence find g(80) and g′(80). b. Let h(v) be the gas consumption in liters per hour of a car going at velocity v. In other words, h(v) tells you how many liters of gas the car uses in one hour if it is going at velocity v. What is the algebraic relationship between h(v) and f(v)? Hence find h(80) and h′(80). c. How would you explain the practical meaning of these function and derivative values to a driver who knows no calculus? Include units on each of the function and derivative values you discuss in your response.  Prev  Top Next  Feedback