Community Health Nursing 1 PDF

Community Health Nursing 1 Introduction to Community Health Nursing Community health nurses are in a position to assist in the transition of the Philippine health care system from a disease oriented system to a health oriented system Nurses constitute a large group of health care workers, th...

Community Health Nursing 1 Introduction to Community Health Nursing Community health nurses are in a position to assist in the transition of the Philippine health care system from a disease oriented system to a health oriented system Nurses constitute a large group of health care workers, therefore they are in a position to create a health care delivery system that will meet the health oriented needs of the people.  Paradigms of Health Influencing WHO Definition A.Medical Model B.Health Illness Continuum C.High level wellness model D.Role performance Model E.Eudaemonistic Model F.Agent Host Environment Model  Determinants of Health A. Income and social status- higher income and social status are linked to better health B. Education-low education levels are linked to poor health, more stress and lower self confidence C. Physical environment-safe water and clean air, healthy work places, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health. D. Employment and working conditions-people in employment are healthier, specially those who have control of their working conditions E. Social support networks-greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health  Determinants of Health F. Genetics -inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing illness G. Personal behavior and coping skills-balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking and how we deal with life’s stresses and challenges all affect health H. health services- access on the use of services that prevent and treat diseases influences health I. Gender-men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages J. Culture- customs and traditions and belifs of family and community linked to better health  Definitions and focus of Public Health and Community Health C.E.Winslow defines public health as “ the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort  Definitions and focus of Public Health and Community Health 1. sanitation of the environment 2. control of communicable infection 3. Health education in personal hygiene 4. Organization of medical and nursing services for early detection and preventive treatment of diseases  Key Functions of the Nurse in Public Health a. Assessment- regular collection, analysis and information sharing about health conditions, risks and resources in a community b. Policy development- use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources towards policies c. Assurance- focuses on the availability of the necessary health services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day to day operations and having the capacity to respond to the critical situations and emergencies Public health efforts focus on preventive and promotion of population health at the national and local levels. These efforts at the national level concentrate on providing support and advisory services to public health structures at the local level. The local level structures provide direct services to communities through 1. Environmental health services which protect the public from hazards such as polluted water, air and tainted food 2. Personal health care services such as immunization, and family planning services, well infant and maternal care and treatment prevalent health conditions, both communicable and non communicable  Essential Public Health Functions a.Health situation monitoring and analysis b.Epidemiological surveillance/ disease prevention and control c.Development of policies and planning in public health d.Strategic management of health systems and services for for population health gain e.Regulation and enforcement to protect public health  Essential Public Health Functions f. Human resource and development planning in public health g. Health promotion, social participation and empowerment h. Ensuring the quality of personal and population based services i. Research, development and implementation of innovative public health solutions  Health Promotion and Levels of Prevention Health Promotion- enhance resources directed at improving well being Disease Prevention- protect people from disease and effects of disease I. Primary level- relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs by altering susceptability or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. The 2 elements are 1. genaral health promotion and 2. specific protection Ex. Immunization  Health Promotion and Levels of Prevention III. Tertiary level-targets population that has experienced diseases or injury and focuses on limitation of disability and rehabilitation. Ex. Teaching insulin administration at home  Community Health Nursing The American Nurses Association ( ANA) defines Community Health Nursing as a synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice applied to promoting and preserving the health of the population. It is considered to be a broader and more general specialty area that encompasses subspecialties that include a. Public health nursing b. School nursing c. Home health nursing d. Hospice care e. Independent nursing practice  Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing practiced is Population Focused. This means it concentrates on a specific group of people and focuses in health promotion and disease prevention. The characteristics are: a. Focuses on entire population b. Is based on assessment of the population health status c. Considers broad determinant of health d. Emphasizes on local level prevention e. Intervenes with the communities, systems, individuals and families  Community Health Nursing Types of information useful for population focus a.Demographic data b.Groups at high risk c.Services/ providers available  Community Health Nursing Levels of Clientele in Community Health Nursing a. Individual b. Family c. Groups/aggregate d. Community  Community Based Nursing Refers to application of the nursing process in caring for individuals, families and groups where they live, work or go to school as they move through the health care system. It is setting spefic and emphasis is on acute and chronic care. Ex Outpatient nursing  Public Health Interventions a. Surveillance- describes and monitors health events through assessment, analysis, and interpretation of health data for planning, implementing and evaluatig public health interventions b. Disease and other health event investigation- systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to health of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk and determines control measures c. Outreach- locates population of interest and provides information, what can be done and how services are obtained d. Screening- identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatics  Public Health Interventions e. Case finding- locates individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them with resources f. Referral and follow up- assists individuals, families, oups, organizations and community to identify and access necessary resources to resolve problems g. Case management- optimizes self care capabilities of individuals and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide service h. Delegated functions- tasks that a registered nurse do uner the authority of another health re professional as allowed by law  Public Health Interventions i. Health teaching- communicates facts, ideas and skills j. Counseling- establishes interpersonal relationships with a community, a system and a family or individual with the intention of enhancing heir capacity for self care and coping k. Consultation- seeks information and generates optional solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving l. Collaboration-commits two or more persons or an organization to achieve a commo goal through enhancing the capacity of one r more members  Public Health Interventions m. Coalition building- promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituents for a common purpose n. Community organizing- helps community groups identify common problem r goals, mobilize resources and develop d implement strategies for realizing they ve collectively set o. Advocacy-acting on someone's behalf p. Social marketing-utilizes marketing principles and technology for programs designed to influence the knowledge attitudes, values and beliefs q. Policy development and enforcement- places issues on decision makers. Compels others to comply with laws, rules, regulation, ordinances and policies  Competency Standards in Community Health Nursing a. safe and quality nursing care b. Managing of resources and environment c. Health education d. Legal responsibility e. Ethicomoral responsiility f. Personal and professional development g. Quality improvement h. Research i. Records management j. Communication k. Collaboration and teamwork