Normal Oral Flora PDF

NORMAL ORAL FLORA Dr. Bnar Hamaali Mohammad BDS, KBMS Periodontics The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 1  NORMAL ORAL FLORA Normal...

NORMAL ORAL FLORA Dr. Bnar Hamaali Mohammad BDS, KBMS Periodontics The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 1  NORMAL ORAL FLORA Normal oral flora are Bacteria and other microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa and occasionally viruses that normally inhabit the oral cavity. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 2  FUNCTIONS OF NORMAL ORAL FLORA 1. Protective Function: The normal flora occupy available colonization sites which makes it more difficult for other microorganisms to colonize. They also contribute to host nutrition through the synthesis of vitamins, in excess to their own needs, which can be absorbed as nutrients by their host. They behave as antigens and induce an immunological response. Certain bacteria in the oral cavity help regulate the pH, preventing an acidic environment that promotes tooth caries. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 3 2. Potential Harm in Dysbiosis: Under certain conditions (e.g., poor oral hygiene, immunosuppression, antibiotic use), this balance can shift, leading to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria, which may cause dental caries, periodontal disease, and even systemic infections if they enter the bloodstream. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 4 Types of Normal Oral Flora: Bacteria: Streptococci Lactobacilli Actinomyces Veillonella Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 5  Fungi: Candida species (especially Candida albicans). Viruses: Latent viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) may be present in the oral mucosa without causing disease unless triggered by stress or other factors. Protozoa: Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax are protozoa sometimes found in the mouth, though their role in oral health or disease is not well understood. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 6  FACTORS THAT MODULATE THE GROWTH OF NORMAL ORAL FLORA: The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 7  1. A N AT O M I C A L F A C T O R S Tooth surfaces: these are ideal for the formation of biofilms (dental plaque). Tongue: The rough surface of the tongue provides niches for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 8  Gingival crevice: This area, where the tooth meets the gingiva, has a low oxygen concentration and is rich in nutrients, favoring anaerobic bacteria. Mucosal surfaces: The cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth are constantly shedding, making it more difficult for bacteria to adhere long-term. However, some species like Streptococcus are adapted to colonize these sites. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 9  2. S A L I VA Saliva helps wash away food particles and unattached microorganisms. Saliva contains various antimicrobial components, including lysozyme and immunoglobulins, which can control the growth of certain microbes. Saliva also provides a source of nutrients for the microorganisms, allowing them to flourish and maintain their populations. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 10  3. G I N G I VA L C R E V I C U L A R F L U I D Gingival crevicular fluid is an inflammatory exudate derived from the periodontal tissues & released into the gingival sulcus. GCF contains immune cells (such as neutrophils) and antibodies (like IgG), which help control bacterial growth in the subgingival area. GCF also supplies proteins and peptides that can serve as nutrients for certain bacteria, especially anaerobes that thrive in inflamed tissues. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 11  4. Nutrition of Oral Flora A balanced and nutritious diet ensures an adequate supply of essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, which are necessary for the growth and metabolism of oral bacteria. Consuming a diet rich in fiber has been associated with a healthier oral microbiome. Excessive consumption of sugars and refined carbohydrates can promote the growth of harmful bacteria in the oral cavity. Bacteria, particularly Streptococcus mutans, utilize dietary sugars to produce acids that contribute to tooth decay and the development of dental caries. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 12  Certain foods, such as acidic fruits and beverages, can temporarily lower the oral pH, creating an environment conducive to the growth of acid- loving bacteria. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 13  4. M I S C E L L A N E O U S FA C T O R S 1. Age. 2. Stress/Anxiety. 3. Medication. 4. Tobacco Use. 5. Alcohol Consumption. 6. Hormonal change. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 14  THE ACQUISITION OF THE NORMAL ORAL FLORA The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 15  The infant mouth is usually sterile at birth The process of colonization begins during delivery At twenty-four hours of life (pioneer microorganisms which are mostly Gram-positive cocci, including (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus). ) five months of age, infants already show a distinct oral microbiota from the mother Puberty gram-negative anaerobes and spirochetes The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 16  THE ACQUISITION OF THE NORMAL ORAL FLORA Also known as oral colonization, begins shortly after birth and continues throughout a person's life. The process involves the initial colonization of the oral cavity by a variety of microorganisms, followed by the establishment of a diverse and stable microbial community. The infant mouth is usually sterile at birth, except for a few organisms acquired from the mother’s birth canal, at the subsequent hours, the baby's mouth will be exposed to a large number of microorganisms by contact with the outside world through (breathing, breastfeeding, and contact with parents and medical staff). The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 17  THE ACQUISITION OF THE NORMAL ORAL FLORA The process of colonization begins during delivery when the infant passes through the birth canal, acquiring bacteria from the mother's vaginal and fecal microbiota. Infants born via cesarean section have a different initial oral microbiota, which reflects the bacterial composition of the skin and the hospital environment. When the newborn has only twenty-four hours of life, the establishment of the so-called pioneer microorganisms in the oral cavity has already begun. At this stage, the most frequent colonizers of the oral cavity are Gram-positive cocci, including (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus). The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 18  THE ACQUISITION OF THE NORMAL ORAL FLORA As the baby grows, the microbial communities also evolve. Around five months of age, infants already show a distinct oral microbiota from the mother, due to environmental exposure that occurs in the first months of life, particularly through the ingestion of food, contact with other adults and children, contact with domestic animals, hygiene habits, and so on. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 19  THE ACQUISITION OF THE NORMAL ORAL FLORA Puberty is a time of major hormonal changes, which is accompanied by nutritional enrichment of the oral environment.Commonly, this phenomenon leads to an increase in some groups of oral microorganisms, including gram- negative anaerobes and spirochetes. 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