3_Multilingualism.pdf

Multilingualism BS PSY 4 | Karstien B. Ramirez | Melophyl Baguio | 2024 - 1 OVERVIEW Verbal Repertoire – the total range of linguistic resources to an Multilingualism is a more magnif...

Multilingualism BS PSY 4 | Karstien B. Ramirez | Melophyl Baguio | 2024 - 1 OVERVIEW Verbal Repertoire – the total range of linguistic resources to an Multilingualism is a more magnified version of bilingualism individual or a community. o Individual Phenomenon – how one acquires two or Monolingual Speakers – range of regional, social, functional more languages in childhood or later, and how these and stylistic varieties they command either productively or languages are represented in the mind. receptively. o Societal Phenomenon – concerned with institutional Multilingual Speakers – not only the varieties of the same dimensions, with issues such as the status and roles of language but also entirely different languages the languages in each society, attitudes towards languages, determinants of language choice, the Multilingualism involving balanced native-like command of symbolic and practical uses of the languages, and the all the languages in the repertoire is rather uncommon. correlations between language use and social factors o The differences in competence might be a few lexical such as ethnicity, religion, and class items, rudimentary conversational styles all the way to A multi-lingual’s facility in moving from one language to the excellent command of the grammar and another as the occasion demands is but an extension of the vocabulary. monolingual’s capacity to shift registers and styles. Selective Functionality – multilinguals develop competence Territorial Principle of Multilingualism – the nation as a whole in each of the codes to the extent that they need it and for is multilingual but not all the individuals are necessarily the contexts in which each of the languages is used. multilingual (e.g. Canada). o He might have excellent reading, writing skills in both Personality Principle – bilingualism is the official policy, and the languages but may be more comfortable using most individuals are multilingual e.g. India, East and West one language for academic and professional Africa. purposes and the other for intimate or emotional expression. REASONS FOR MULTILINGUALISM Domains – who speaks what language to whom and when in 1. Migration – when speakers of one language settle in an those speech communities. area where another language is used and over the years o Intimate (Family). continue to maintain their own language. o Formal (religious). 2. Cultural Contact – when a society imports and assimilates o Informal (neighborhood). the cultural institutions e.g. religion or literature, of another o Intergroup (economic and recreational activities as society (e.g. use of Arabic and English in Asia). well as interactions with government-legal authority). 3. Annexation – the case of French and Spanish-speaking Asymmetric Principle of Multilingualism – some languages parts of U.S. are more valued than others. The languages in a multilingual 4. Colonialism – English in Latin America community can be viewed as being arranged on a hierarchy. 5. Commercial, scientific and technological dependence of The larger the no. of desired roles a language enables its the speakers of certain languages on the speakers of other speakers to play in each society, the higher its place on the languages. hierarchy. The more restricted the range of valued roles a language provides, the lower its place in the hierarchy. Speech Community – a conglomeration of individuals who share Example of a Tulu Speaker: the same norms about communication. o Although it is spoken by two million people, it is still It is a community sharing knowledge of the rules for the restricted in its functional range. It gives him ethnic conduct and interpretation of speech. identity. Spoken in the native place network. Members are unified by norms about the uses of language. o Kannada – medium of instruction through secondary school. Language of education, administration, 1 Multilingualism BS PSY 4 | Karstien B. Ramirez | Melophyl Baguio | 2024 - 1 commerce, media and literature. It gives him regional Three conditions in a speech community that lead to identity and state-wide mobility. diglossia: English – empowers him to gain access to higher technical o Existence of a large body of literature in a language education, to communicate on an interstate and that is the same as the indigenous language and international level, and provides national and international embodies some of the fundamental values of the mobility as a job candidate. community. Hindi – lingua franca, for communication with north Indian o Literacy in the community is only restricted to a small states elite. Sanskrit – to access, preserve and symbolize the classical o A long period of time is involved in establishing the first lore of India in an enormous range of fields from religion to and second conditions. medicine. Educated Arabic denies the L variety of Arabic and believe that the H variety is more logical, beautiful and better able to All of these complement each other to the serve the complex express important thoughts. communicative demands of a pluralistic society. Sanskrit – use in ritualistic and intellectual contexts by the CODE SWITCHING most prestigious group in the Indian social system, and so When two or more languages exist in a community, speakers given a status of a sacred, intellectual language. frequently switch from one language to the other. o But also perceived as too orthodox, difficult and old- Code-switching is not random but functionally motivated. fashioned for everyday purposes. o It is governed by a grammar of consequences. The revival of Hebrew in Israel and the movement to revitalize Situational Code Switching – the switch is in response to a Sanskrit are reminders that factors such as tribal, caste, change in situation, when a new participant enters the scene ethnic and national identities are also powerful forces in the or to a change in the topic of conversation or the setting. use, maintenance, revival and regulation of languages. Metaphorical Code Switching – the switch has a stylistic or The dynamics of language in a multilingual society reflect textual function, to signal a quotation, to mark emphasis, to the evolution of power in that society. indicate the punchline of a joke. DIGLOSSIA Functions of Code-Switching A relatively stable language situation in which in addition to Code-mixing and code-switching serve the same function of the primary dialects of language, there is a very divergent, identity marking. highly codified variety which is the vehicle of a large and o English for modernity, sophistication or authority and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period Sanskrit for nationalistic and traditionalistic image, or in another speech community, which is learned largely by Arabic for Islamic identity, Urdu for macho image in formal education and used for written and formal spoken South India. purposes but not used for ordinary conversation. Strategy of Neutrality – when the use of any language in the Classical Arabic (H) and Colloquial Arabic (L) repertoire might suggest the wrong message such as talking o The high variety is used in mosques, news broadcasts, down to somebody political speeches, poetry and the low variety is used Stylistic Function – signal a transition to the sublime or the in conversations with friends and family, in captions on ridiculous. political cartoons and in folk literature. It is a versatile and appropriate vehicle for the expression of multi-cultural communities. Many creative writers use it as a powerful expressive resource to convey multi-cultural 2 Multilingualism BS PSY 4 | Karstien B. Ramirez | Melophyl Baguio | 2024 - 1 Differences between Code Switching and Diglossia It results in the formation of a linguistic area in which Diglossia Code-switching languages resemble each other structurally more than do Occurs across domain boundaries Occurs within their siblings from their own genetic stock. domains It is the adaptation and assimilation of the structure of one People are aware that they’ve switched Unconscious language by another from H to L or vice versa Little overlapping of codes Involves quite a bit of LANGUAGE TRANSFER overlap Powerful force in language choice, acquisition, and use in multilingual communities. CODE MIXING It is an efficient and economical psycholinguistic process in A common mode of code switching is the switching of which the tried and tested rules of the first language are used languages within sentences as hypotheses in mastering a second language. Code mixing raises several issues involving grammar, what It reduces cognitive dissonance and contributes to kind of morphemes, words or phrases can be mixed from one processing economy. language into another. IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING 1. Language teachers need to revise their attitudes with regard Differences Between Code Mixing and Borrowing to the status and value of bilingualism. Borrowing Code mixing a. Bilingualism is independent of intelligence and May occasionally involve a few Involves every level of lexical consistent with the highest educational and socio- set phrases but is usually and syntactic structure, economic achievement restricted to single lexical items including words, phrases 2. Teachers need to realize that English, despite its undoubted and sentences importance, may only be one of the languages in a learner’s Borrowed words can occur even Presupposes a certain repertoire in the speech of monolinguals degree of bilingual 3. It may be unnecessary and unrealistic to expect complete competence and native-like competence in the entire range of registers, The set of borrowed expressions May duplicate existing styles and functions of English. typically represent semantic expressions and is not used 4. Teachers need to be familiar with the other languages in the fields outside the experience of to fill lexical gaps learner’s repertoire the borrowing language 5. Language teachers trained in a monolingual paradigm are Represents a restricted set of Draws creatively upon the harsh towards minority students speaking mixed languages. expressions with some creativity whole vocabulary and a. A mixed code is as important for an in-group, in the margins grammar of another bicultural communication as a monolingual code language would be for communicating with monolingual interlocutors. Represent mostly nouns and Draws on every category of 6. Multilingualism may not only lead to division of labor but also adjectives grammar a lot of give and take between languages. a. A relaxed, open-minded attitude can foster cultural LINGUISTIC CONVERGENCE pluralism. Extensive structural modification of the languages of a geographic area in the direction of one another, even though the languages may belong to different language families. Distinguished from borrowing, in that morphology and syntax is affected in addition to phonology and lexicon. 3 Multilingualism BS PSY 4 | Karstien B. Ramirez | Melophyl Baguio | 2024 - 1 Wide range of variation of English throughout the world. These varieties are not deficient or fossilized inter-languages but functionally viable varieties which follow different but productive formal processes of grammar and usage. The traditional prototype paradigm of second language teaching, that a non-native speaker learned English to communicate with a native speaker is no longer applicable Required course in sociolinguistics, contrastive linguistics, methods and materials for English teaching LINGUISTIC RIGHTS AND THE PHILIPPINE LANGUAGE SITUATION 4