Information Systems Introduction PDF

Faculty of Economics and Political Science The Department of Socio-computing Applications of Social Science Computing in Modern Information Societies 1 Information systems in perspective ( An introduction to information systems )...

Faculty of Economics and Political Science The Department of Socio-computing Applications of Social Science Computing in Modern Information Societies 1 Information systems in perspective ( An introduction to information systems ) Textbook: Ralph M. Stair and George W. Reynolds, “Principles of Information Systems”, thirteenth edition, 2018. (p. 1 – p.80) 1  outline 1- An introduction to information systems. 2- An introduction to information technology concepts. 2  1 An Introduction to Information Systems 3  Information systems Information Systems 4  Types of systems (phenomena) 5  Are all phenomena “systems” complex? Types of systems 6  What is a system ? A system is a group of interconnected components that work together to achieve some objectives. Every system has inputs and outputs and it is outlined by its boundaries and influenced by its environment. 7  Examples of systems in our life Human Body systems Solar system Internet 8  Types of systems 1- Simple system A system which is easy to understand, explain and predict. Where Simple rules produce simple and predictable responses. Small change in the input of the system leads to a small change at the system output level. Example: Making a cup of tea (simple recipe, simple components). More sugar gives sweeter taste. 9  Types of systems 2- Complicated system Complicated systems need more time “comparing with simple ones”to be built. The number of components is larger than in simple one and the elements and their connections “ relationships” are equally important. Example: A car engine. 10  Types of systems 3- Complex system Complex system composed of components “agents” interacting with each other with no central control. The system is dynamic (changes over time). The relationships between the agents are more important than the agents themselves. 11  Types of systems 3- Complex system Complex Adoptive System (CAS) “ special case”: is a complex system but has the adaptation feature. The agents in complex adoptive system always adapt ( change their behaviors) in a way that benefits them. This adaptation is done without any master controller. Examples: Human Brain, Economy and Societies. 12  Complexity of social phenomena Social phenomena are complex ones. They are difficult to predict and treat using the traditional methods of analysis. 13  Information systems Information Systems 14 Data, Information, and Knowledge Data consists of raw facts. As shown in Table 1.1, several types of data can represent these facts. 15  Data are also classified as: structured & unstructured Student Birthdate Gender Address Mobile# Level Major name AB 1/1/2001 M Maadi 0100xxxx P BA Structured CD 2/2/2002 F Shoroq 0120yyyy S Account data EF 3/3/2003 F Giza 0111zzzz C BA GH 4/4/2004 M Zmalek 0100www P BA IJ 5/5/2005 M Douki 0120bbbb S HR KL 6/6/2006 M Tagamo 0120cccc P BA MN 7/7/2007 F Ktamya 0111kkkk C BA Structured data consists of clearly defined data types with patterns. 16  Unstructured data Examples: Text files: including your word processing documents, presentations,........ audio, video, and social media postings. 17 Data, Information, and Knowledge Information is a collection of data organized and processed so that it has additional value beyond the value of the individual facts. Rules and relationships can be set up to organize data so it becomes useful information. The value of the information created depends on the relationships defined among existing data. 18 Data, Information, and Knowledge Information is the most valuable commodity in this age because it provides awareness, knowledge, and power. An “informed” person generally makes the most appropriate decision. Information is the key word in our age. 19 Data, Information, and Knowledge The process of defining relationships among data to create useful information requires knowledge. 20 Data, Information, and Knowledge Knowledge mean human understanding of a subject matter that has been learned through good study and experience. Knowledge is usually based on: thinking, learning and good understanding of the problem area. 21  The Value of Information The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their goals. Valuable information helps people perform tasks more efficiently and effectively. Fundamental to the quality of a decision is the quality of the information used to reach that decision. 22 Characteristics of Quality Information Fundamental to the quality of a decision is the quality of the information used to reach that decision. Table 1.2 lists the characteristics that determine the quality of information. 23 24 Characteristics of Quality Information The information should be easily accessible by authorized users. Information should be accurate and error free. Information should be complete and include all important facts. Information should be flexible i.e. used by many users within the organization. Information should be verifiable i.e. you can check on its validity. 25  Characteristics of Quality Information Information should be relevant to the decision making process. Information should be secured from unauthorized access. Information should be presented in the simplest way. Information should be presented in a timely pattern whenever needed. 26 Characteristics of Quality Information The importance of each of these characteristics varies depending on the situation and the kind of decision you are trying to make. For example for the management of company assets such as cash, inventory, and equipment, accuracy and completeness are critical. 27 Characteristics of Quality Information On the other hand, with market intelligence data, some inaccuracy and incompleteness is acceptable, but timeliness is essential. Market intelligence data may alert you that a competitor is about to make a major price cut. The exact details and timing of the price cut may not be as important as being warned far enough in advance “timely” to plan how to react. 28  Information systems 29  Why Learn about Information Systems? To participate in and lead these innovations, you must be familiar with fundamental information concepts. 30 Information System An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and disseminate data and information. 31 32 33 Information System An information system provides a feedback mechanism to monitor and control its operation to make sure it continues to meet its goals and objectives. Types of IS: Manual IS Computer based IS 34  Manual Information System A manual information system does not use any computerized devices. The recording, storing and retrieving of data is done manually by the people, who are responsible for the information system. 35  Manual Information System Components: People: people are the recipients of information system Business Procedures: these are measures put in place that define the rules for processing data, storing it, analyzing it and producing information Data: these are the recorded day to day transactions Filing system: this is an organized way of storing information Reports: the reports are generated after manually analyzing the data from the filing system and compiling it. 36 Information System A computer-based information system (CBIS) is a single set of hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures that are designed to: collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information. 37  Computer-based Information System components The technology infrastructure is a set of IT resources that form the foundation of each CBIS. This includes hardware, software and networking components. A computer-based information system is a single set of technology infrastructure, databases, people, and procedures. 38  Computer-based Information System components People are the core determinant of the success and failure in any IS. A good IS can enable people to produce extraordinary results. IS personnel (people) include all the people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system. 39 Information System A procedure defines the steps to follow to achieve a specific end result. Using a CBIS involves many procedures, including those for the operation, maintenance, and security of the system. For example, some procedures describe how to gain access to the system through the use of password. 40 Information System Following effective procedures leads to: get work done faster, cut costs, make better use of resources, and more easily adapt to change. When procedures are well documented, they can greatly reduce: training costs and shorten the learning curve. 41  Steps of Developing an information system 42 Steps of Developing an Information System 43 Steps of Developing an Information System 44  Examples of CBIS E-commerce, Mobile commerce, E-business. Transaction processing and enterprise resource planning systems. Supply chain management system. Customer relationship management system. 45 E-commerce, Mobile commerce, E-business E-commerce: Any business transaction executed electronically between: Companies (B2B) Companies and consumers (B2C) Consumers and other consumers (C2C) Business and public sector (B2G) Consumer and public sector (C2G) 46 E-commerce, Mobile commerce, E-business E-business includes e-commerce 47  E-commerce goes beyond e-commerce. 48  Transaction processing and enterprise resource planning systems A transaction processing system (TPS) is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business, such as sales order entry, hotel reservations, payroll. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate business processes “ manufacturing and production, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resources” into a single software system. Information that is fragmented in many systems is stored in a single system where it can be used by many parts of the business. 49  Supply chain management system A supply chain is: a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. 51  Supply chain management system Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of information flows between and among activities in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and corporate profitability. SCM systems provide demand forecasting, inventory control, and information flows between suppliers and customers. 53 Customer relationship management system Customer relationship management (CRM) involves managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and the organization’s profitability.  2 An introduction to information technology concepts 55  Information technology concepts Hardware and mobile Software and mobile devices applications Database systems and big Networks and cloud data computing Electronic and mobile E-governance concepts commerce applications Applications of information systems 56 )if time permits)  Thanks 57