Lesson 4.1 Immunity PDF

Module 4. Immunity Lesson 4.1. Trends and various strategies used by organisms for defense against diseases Objectives describe the trends and compare various strategies used by animals for defense Entamoeba hystolitica Plasmodium vivax Disease: Amoebiasis...

Module 4. Immunity Lesson 4.1. Trends and various strategies used by organisms for defense against diseases Objectives describe the trends and compare various strategies used by animals for defense Entamoeba hystolitica Plasmodium vivax Disease: Amoebiasis Disease: Malaria Candida albicans Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Disease: Yeast infections Disease: AIDS  How does our body respond to the dangers of pathogen attack? Let’s watch this short clip of CELLS AT WORK! https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=uV5V0qL3Fmk  IMMUNE SYSTEM It is the body system that DEFENDS the body against any foreign molecule and aims to limit if not prevent many infections. Different animals have evolved a variety of structures to protect themselves from the threat of the outside environment There are TWO types of immunity: Innate and Adaptive/Acquired Immunity  innate vs. adaptive Innate immunity is the body’s Adaptive immunity is a specialized first line of defense against defense system in the body that provides infections and harmful long-lasting, specific protection against substances. It is a non-specific pathogens. This immunity develops over time and targets particular antigens, immune response, meaning it which are unique molecules found on the does not target specific surface of pathogens. It is activated when pathogens but instead provides the innate immune system identifies a a broad defense against a wide threat that requires a more precise response. range of invaders.  INNATE IMMUNITY OF DIFFERENT ORGANISMS  INNATE IMMUNITY OF PORIFERANS Innate immunity in poriferans (sponges) involves non-specific defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogens, harmful substances, and foreign particles. Sponges feed through filter feeding wherein they intake large amounts of water and filter, extract and absorb edible materials which are suspended in the liquid medium. This type of feeding poses a threat as large concentrations of viruses and bacteria may be suspended in marine water. Sponges produce secondary metabolites (such as antibiotic compounds which kill and prevent the growth of bacteria and viruses Suberites domuncula can recognize Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. They also produce suberitine, a neurotoxin which can disrupt an invertebrate’s nervous and circulatory system.  INNATE IMMUNITY OF CNIDARIANS Cnidarians, which include animals like jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals, produce a wide range of toxins for defense, predation, and competition. Cnidarians produce a variety of toxins which include palytoxins and hypnotoxins. Palytoxins are highly potent and toxic compounds found primarily in certain marine cnidarians, such as certain species of corals. In humans and other animals, exposure to palytoxins can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, paralysis, respiratory distress, and cardiac arrhythmias, which can be fatal in severe cases. Hypnotoxins are produced particularly by jellyfishes. When humans or animals are stung by cnidarians with hypnotoxins, the symptoms can range from local pain, redness, and swelling at the sting site to more severe reactions, including nausea, vomiting, shock, or even death if the toxin spreads through the bloodstream and interferes with critical bodily functions. Most Cnidarians have nematocysts, stinging cells used to inject the toxins into the body of a prey or a predator. INNATE IMMUNITY OF HELMINTHES  INNATE IMMUNITY OF MOLLUSKS Mollusks possess innate immunity defense in the form of anatomic barrier defense, phagocytic cells, and bodily fluids. When these anatomic barrier defenses are breached by the pathogen, the innate immune response of the Hardened shells = first line of defense mollusk will be triggered. Hematocytes - phagocytic cells which are circulating around in the body fluids, engulf and destroy small invaders In response to larger invaders, the mollusks bodily fluids secrete toxic enzymes and compounds such as lysozomes and nitric oxide in order tov neutralize and kill the invading pathogen. INNATE IMMUNITY OF ARTHROPODS INNATE IMMUNITY OF ARTHROPODS