U4 AOS1 Poster - How Do Organisms Respond to Pathogens PDF

lOMoARcPSD|46549664 U4 AOS1 Poster - How do Organisms respond to Pathogens Biology- Unit 4 (Bendigo Senior Secondary College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|46549664 U4 AOS1 Poster - How do Organisms respond to Pathogens Biology- Unit 4 (Bendigo Senior Secondary College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by lightfoot_evan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46549664 U4 AOS1 - How do organisms respond to pathogens? third Line B cells (Mature in Bone marrow) Second line - Immune cells Lymphocyte (associated with Humoral immunity) that produces Macrophages Plasma B cells that secrete specific ‘Big eaters’ - Type of Phagocytes antibodies and Memory B celss that leave the blood and enter infected tissues T cells (Mature in Thymus) Neutrophils Lymphocyte (associated with Cell- Mediated immunity) that produces First Line Type of Phagocyte predominate in early infection (Most common WBC) killer cells that destroy pathogens The First line involves 3 different categories: within cells 1. Physical barriers Dendritic cells 2. Chemical barriers Type of Phagocyte that also plays a Helper T cells (activates B cells) 3. Microbiota key role in Antigen Presentation Memory T cells (provide immunity) (Identify threats + act as messengers Cytotoxic T cells (release cytotoxins) PHYSICAL barriers for the rest of the immune system) Regulatory T cells (controls the Animals magnitude + duration of response) Eosinophils Intact skin, Mucous membranes (traps microbes), Cerumen/Ear wax (traps dust + dirt) Granulocytes that secrete highly THIRD LINE = Produces MEMORY toxic proteins and free radicals that Plants CELLS = IMMUNITY!! kill bacteria and parasites Waxy cuticle (similar to skin), Hairs on surface (repels insect vectors), Gall formation (trap Mast cells pathogen spread) Release histamine (Key component of the Inflammatory response) CHEMICAL barriers Animals Natural Killer cells pH (i.e. acidic sweat and stomach acid), Enzymes S of each Line (breaks down pathogens), Other secretions Non-phagocytotic: Lyse/burst the cell AIM membrane with granzymes & perforin, Plants kills cancer cells + virus-infected cells Oils (repel insect pests), Enzymes (digest fungi walls), Enzyme production (act like antibodies) Complement proteins Assists immune response: Chemotaxis, MICROBIOTA Agglutination, Lysis, Opsonisation Animals Compete for physical space + nutrients = Cytokines/Interferons Chemical messengers inhibits bacteria growth Downloaded by lightfoot_evan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46549664 u4 AOS1 - How do organisms respond to pathogens? Antigen Presentation Modes of Disease Transmission ROLE - Detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive Direct mechanisms immune response about an infection Indirect mechanisms Inflammatory Response - 2nd Line ⇨ Pathogen breaches the 1st line of defence Blood ⇨ clotting (Vascular spasm) Mast cells release Cellular VS Non-Cellular pathogens histamine causing vasodilation and increased ⇨ permeability of local blood vessels Phagocyte attack: Cellular Non-Cellular Macrophages and Neutrophils consume bacteria and Bacteria Virus ⇨ cell debris Tissue heals Fungi Viroids Protozoa Prions Parasitic warms Disease Steps in Managing Lymphatic system - its role in Third Line Step 1 - Identify th e disease ogy, Morphology Symptoms, Immunol e patterns of Step 2 - Identify th disease Pandemic etc. Lymph Endermic, Outbreak, Allergic node ent the Response Step 3 - Control/prev Hypersensitive spread of disease (e.g. washing immune Behavioural control odifying the reaction to a hands, quaratines), M isation programs substance environment, Immun that is not sease considered Step 4 - Treat the di harmful When the Immune system is activated = WBCs in ⇧ Medication, Antibioti cs, Antiviral etc. lymph nodes Downloaded + scanning by lightfoot_evan for antigens ([email protected]) drugs, Disinfectants  lOMoARcPSD|46549664 u4 AOS1 - How do organisms respond to pathogens? Vaccinations and Herd Immunity Vaccines - Used to activate the immune system to produce antibodies against specific antigens, Active Immunity Individuals produce their own antibodies Natural - Exposed to pathogen without actually causing the disease Emerging VS Re-emerging Artificial - Vaccination (Induces active immunity) Emerging: Infectious diseases that are new OR have increased markedly in incidence recently Passive immunity Types of Vaccines Re-emerging: Previously known diseases that Receive antibodies from an external source Live/Attenuated vaccines were controlled but are again becoming health Natural - Mother to child (Placenta, Breastmilk) Contain modified or weakened version of the pathogen Artificial - Injection (e.g. Antivenom) problems for a significant proportion of pop. that can still reproduce Inactivated vaccines European Arrival on Aboriginal and Monoclonal antibodies Contain killed bacteria/inactivated viruses that can’t reproduce and cause disease Indigenous Populations Artificially produced antibodies that neutralise/target only 1 specific marker/antigen Toxoid vaccines Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Contain harmless bacterial toxoids that act like an peoples had no prior exposure to Used to treat Autoimmune diseases and cancer antigen diseases such as smallpox, measles, Subunit vaccines influenza etc. Contain subunits (e.g. protein) of pathogen that acts like Indigenous populations who lacked an antigen suitable/adequate immunity suffered higher mortality rates from these diseases. Concept of Herd Immunity European colonization impacted many Indigenous population's behaviours, increasing infection risks The British appropriation of land restricted Aboriginal peoples' access to traditional food sources. Led to the abandonment of a nomadic How do they help in Cancer Treatment? lifestyle and the establishment of Slow cancer growth by blocking the binding of permanent camps (increasing exposure to growth factors/signals for cell division germs) Setting off the complement cascade = punching A form of indirect immunity that occurs when. a holes in the target cancer cells, increased significant proportion of the pop. provides a Phagocytosis measure of protection for those who have not Autoimmune diseases - What are they? etc. developed immunity Occurs when immune cells (i.e. T and B cells) lose How do they help in Autoimmune Treatment? More vaccinated = Less chance for an outbreak = the ability to distinguish between self and non-self Reduced spread of infection Reducing the effects of Autoimmunity by and start attacking self cells/tissue Some people rely on Herd immunity (Too targeting surface antigens and cytokines (e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, Multiple sclerosis) young/old, poor immune systems, allergies) involved in triggering an immune response Downloaded by lightfoot_evan ([email protected])