2 - The Evolution of Pharmacy Practice (1).pdf

PHR101 Perspectives in Pharmacy The Evolution of Pharmacy Practice Charliemaign Stanley S. Cruz, RPh, MSc. BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY Beliefs Sickness are caused by evil forces. Sickness are punishment from the gods. Remedies Remedy is achieved by offering sacrifi...

PHR101 Perspectives in Pharmacy The Evolution of Pharmacy Practice Charliemaign Stanley S. Cruz, RPh, MSc. BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY Beliefs Sickness are caused by evil forces. Sickness are punishment from the gods. Remedies Remedy is achieved by offering sacrifices like food and prayers. Available remedy is made from natural resources like plants, mud, or other materials from the earth. THE HISTORY OF PHARMACY Antiquity From the Mesopotamian civilization to the Ancient Greek civilization. Middle Ages From the 1st A.D. until 1493 (1500s). Modern Europe / Modern Age From the 1500s to the current day practice. ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT BABYLON Babylon Jewel of Ancient Mesopotamia Cradle of Civilization It has the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary. Practitioners (2600 B.C.) Early practitioners are the priest, pharmacist, and physician all-in-one. Clay Tablets of Mesopotamia It contains medical texts. Recorded symptoms, prescriptions, and directions for compounding. ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT CHINA Shen Nung (2000 B.C.) Father of Chinese Pharmaceutics The emperor who investigated the medicinal value of herbs like podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ma huang, or ephedra. He wrote Pen T-Sao (The Botanical Basis of Pharmacy) or native herbals. ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT CHINA Lao Tzu (500 B.C.) A Taoist, natural philosopher, and the author of “The Way”. He promoted the concept of health and prosperity through awareness and observance of natural cosmic cycles. He forwarded the concept of Qi (energy) – balance of Yin and Yang. ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT EGYPT Papyrus Ebers (1500 B.C.) This is the oldest, best known, and most important pharmaceutical record. 21 yards of papyrus containing 800 prescriptions mentioning 700 drugs. Some of the Egyptian preparations were gargles, suppositories, inhalations, poultices, and ointments. ANTIQUITY: BIBLICAL RECORDS Biblical records dating back to 1200 B.C. shows records of medicines and other pharmaceutical preparations. Book of Sirach – creation of medicine by God. Genesis – myrrh was used as an astringent, carminative, and protectant. Exodus - frankincense or olibanum was used for asthma, ulcers, and diabetes. Frankincense Myrrh ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT GREECE Hippocrates (460 B.C) He is referred as the “Father of Medicine”. He sought the rationalization of treatment and showed the fundamentals of scientific methods. He used observation, classification, and rejection of unsupported theory and superstition. ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT GREECE Theophrastus (300 B.C.) He is referred to as the “Father of Botany”. He is a philosopher and a natural scientist. He studied plants and their medicinal or toxicological effects. He observed atropine and scopolamine for their use as muscle relaxant and regulate heart rate. ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT TURKEY Mithridates VI (100 B.C.) He was the King of Pontus and referred to as the “Father of Toxicology”. He studied the art of poisoning and the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning. Mithridatum was his famed formula of alleged pan- antidotal powers and was very popular for over a thousand years. ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth) One of the first therapeutic agents to bear a trademark as a means of identification of a source and of gaining customer’s confidence. It is a clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C. Once a year the clay was dug with government and religious dignitaries. It was washed, refined, and rolled into pastilles in proper thickness, and sealed. After sun-drying, it is widely distributed commercially. MIDDLE AGES Pedanios Dioscorides (1st A.D.) He is referred as the “Father of Pharmacology”. He compiled De Materia Medica which contains roughly 600 plants and 90 minerals. It served as the foremost classical source of modern botanical and pharmacological text in 16 centuries. He recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for drug collection, their use and proper storage. MIDDLE AGES Clausius Galen (130 – 200 A.D.) He is considered as the “First Pharmacist / Botanist”. He practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome. His principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1500 years. Galenicals are class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means (ex. cold cream). Galen’s medical writing is the basis of treaties on simple drugs. MIDDLE AGES Here are 2 Latin compilations: Antidotaria It is like dispensatories. This is a book containing a systematic description of drugs and of preparations made from them. Receptaria This is a mode modest formularies. This is an official list giving details of medicines that may be prescribed. MIDDLE AGES Damian and Cosmas Damian was the apothecary and Cosmas was the physician. Both are of Arabian descent and were canonized into sainthood and became the patron saint for Pharmacy and Medicine. MIDDLE AGES Monastic Pharmacy The practice of Pharmacy and Medicine was passed from lay practitioners to the clerics. Monasteries (5th – 12th Century) was considered the center of intellectual life. Monks collected and cultivated medicinal plants and distilled aromatic and cordial waters. Famous manuscripts: De Viribus Herbarum herbs used by the people Causae et Curae (Abbess Hildegard Germany) MIDDLE AGES The Arabs They separated the arts of apothecary and physician. The first privately owned drugstore was established in Baghdad (late 8th Century). Treaties were more influential and authoritative in Europe with more refined and elegant way of administering drugs. MIDDLE AGES Arabian Era (980 – 1037 A.D.) Ibn Sina also known as Avicenna by the Western world. He was a pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher, and diplomat. His pharmaceutical teachings contributed to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine. MIDDLE AGES Magna Carta of 1240 It was issued by Frederick II, the head of the Holy Roman Empire. Magna Carta is the edict creating pharmacy as an independent branch of public welfare service. Pharmacy was separated from Medicine in Sicily and Southern Italy. Limitation of the numbers of pharmacies Fixed the prices of remedies Required official supervision to pharmaceutical practice Made use of prescribed formulary compulsory MIDDLE AGES First Official Pharmacopoeia It originated in Florence, Italy. The Nuovo Receptario Composito written in Italian. It was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1948. It was the result of collaboration of the Guilds of Apothecaries and the Medical Society. MODERN EUROPE Paracelsus (1493 – 1541 A.D.) Full name: Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim He revolutionized the practice of Pharmacy. He worked with medicinal active “quintessence” from natural resources leading to important discoveries in drug therapy. He transformed pharmacy from botanical science to chemical science. MODERN EUROPE Italy It is the “Cradle of European Professional Pharmacy”. 1st Professional European Apothecary Shop 1st Post-Antique Antidotary 1st Pharmacopoeia 1st Real Botanical Garden Ricettario Fiorentino is the 1st official Pharmacopoeia of the European world. MODERN EUROPE The Society of Apothecaries of London In 1617, Francis Bacon formed a separated company. Master, Wardens, and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London The 1st organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world. MODERN EUROPE Christopher Marshall He established an apothecary in Philadelphia. He pioneered pharmaceutical enterprise. His establishment served as a practical training school for pharmacists. MODERN AGE Jonathan Roberts He is the first hospital pharmacist who practice at the Pennsylvania Hospital. John Morgan He is a physician who advocated prescription writing. He is also the founder of Public Medical Instruction in America. Andrew Craigie He is America’s first apothecary general. MODERN AGE William Withering He worked on digitalis and digoxin and was able to deduced that these are the active ingredient in a polyherbal formulation given for congestive heart failure. Carl William Scheele He worked on arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, and extracted citric acid from lemons. Edward Jenner He developed the world’s first vaccine for smallpox and is referred to as the “Father of Immunology”. MODERN AGE Bernard Courtois He is a French pharmacist who processed the ash of seaweed to recover sodium and potassium compounds leading to discovery of iodine from algae and bromine from sea water. Joseph Caventou and Pierre Pelletier They were French pharmacist who worked on quinine (extracted from Cinchona) and caffeine. They also worked on emetine (from Emetine ipecacuanha) and strychnine (from Strychnos nux vomica) MODERN AGE Pierre-Jean Robiquet He is a French pharmacist who discovered codeine by extracting it from raw opium. He developed paregoric elixirs and laudanum and issued health/death hazards since improper preparation and use were frequent. Henri Moissan He is a French pharmacist who first isolated fluorine by using electrolytic methods. MODERN AGE Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertuner He is a German pharmacist who first isolated morphine from opium, the first-ever alkaloid to be isolated from any plant. Johannes Bucher He is a German pharmacist who isolated salicin from willow bark and nicotine from tobacco. He worked on producing aspirin and nicotinic acid. Rudolf Brandes and Philipp Geiger Both German pharmacists work on hyoscyamine and atropine. 20th CENTURY SCIENTISTS SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTIONS He introduced Chemotherapy. Paul Erlich He developed arsphenamine / salvarsan and was used as treatment for syphilis. Frederick Banting They both discovered insulin while working at the University of Toronto. Charles Best Using prontosil, a red dye, he discovered sulfa drug for hemolytic Gerhardt Domagk streptococci. Alexander Fleming He discovered penicillin by investigating the properties of staphylococci 20th CENTURY SCIENTISTS SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTIONS He studied Streptomyces family of organism and was able to isolate Selman Waksman streptomycin from S. griseus which is a drug used to combat tuberculosis. He developed the injectable vaccine for polio which is part of the routine Jonas Salk vaccination schedule currently used in children. He developed the attenuated oral vaccine which is deemed to be an Albert Sabin easier route of administering the polio vaccine among children. PHARMACY IN THE USA Druggist is a man who imported drugs. Engages in the development of small-scale manufacturing. Operates a dispensing shop. Distributes drugs wholesale to a physician and to the general stores. First USP It was published in 1820. It was accepted as the first book of drug standards. PHARMACY IN THE USA PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTIONS The Shakers They were the first US industry in medicinal herbs Daniel B. Smith 1st President of American Pharmaceutical Association William Proctor Jr. The Father of American Pharmacy Introduced the use of medicine droppers and invented the glass ampules. Stanislas Limousin He also developed the apparatus for the oxygen administration. Emil von Behring & Independently developed the diphtheria antitoxin. Emile Roux Ernest Francois He developed compound to combat specific pathogens. Auguste Forneau PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES In the Philippines, before the Spanish regime, treatments to illnesses were done through various practices such offerings, incantations, and the use of herbal and animal entrails. Different groups were working for the sick: Mediquillos is the diminutive word for “medicos”. Curanderos refers to “curers”. Herbolarios refers to curers who specifically uses herbs for the treatment. Spain and Germany introduced Pharmacy education in the country which allowed foreigners to study abroad, and locals are trained under their supervision and granted licenses as Farmaceutico de segunda clase. PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES In 1871, UST offered the first BS Pharmacy and Licentiate in Pharmacy. Don Leon Ma. Guerrero He was the first Filipino to study Pharmacy in UST. He was a dispensing pharmacist, a botanist, and an educator. He is referred to as “Father of Philippine Pharmacy”. UST also offered Escuela de Practicantes de Medicine y Farmacia Due to lack of pharmacists from the BS Pharmacy program. It was 4 semesters with 3 semesters of drugstore practice, a general examination to become a candidate of Practitioner of Pharmacy. PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES The different orders of friars build hospitals in the country like Hospital de San Juan de Dios and Hospital de San Lazaro. The friars also devoted time studying plants and their medicinal uses: Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, O.P. wrote Medicinas caseras. Fr. Manual Blanco, O.S.A. wrote Flora de Filipinas. Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios was the first to have written records of his findings on different medicinal plants.