Directional Terms & Planes PDF

Dorsal Back/ Toward the back Proximal Nearest/ Closer to a point of attachment Distal...

Dorsal Back/ Toward the back Proximal Nearest/ Closer to a point of attachment Distal Distant/ Farther from a point of attachment Medial Toward the midline Lateral Away from the midline ANATOMICAL POSITION Superficial Toward to the surface - in the anatomical position, the body is of the body standing erect and facing forward, the feet Deep Toward the interior of are together, and the arms are hanging at the body the sides with the palms facing forward BODY PARTS AND REGIONS - used to designate specific areas within The major body divisions CENTAL REGION OF THE BODY (AXIAL PARTS) 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Trunk- can be divided into: a) Throrax (Chest) b) Abdomen (region between thorax and pelvis) c) Pelvis (inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips) UPPER LIMB (APPENDICULAR PARTS) 1. Arm- extends from the shoulder to the elbow 2. Forearm- extends from the elbow to wrist DIRECTIONAL TERMS 3. Wrist - describe parts of the body relative to each 4. Hand other LOWER LIMB (APPENDICULAR PARTS) TERM DEFINITION 1. Thigh- extends from the hip to the knee Supine Lying face upward 2. Leg- extends from the knee to the ankle Prone Lying face downward 3. Ankle Superior Higher/ above 4. Foot Inferior Lower/ below Anterior Front/ Toward the ABDOMEN (APPENDICULAR PARTS) front of the body - often subdivided superficially into four Posterior Back/ toward the back sections or quadrants by to imaginary lines of the body that intersect at the navel Ventral Belly/ Toward the belly a. Quadrants- right-upper (RUQ), left-upper PLANES (LUQ), right-lower (RLQ), and left-lower - imaginary flat surface (LLQ) - the body is often cut, or sectioned, along b. Regions- uses four imaginary lines that a flat surface created an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen, resulting nine regions: TERMS 1. Epigastric- located superior to the Sagittal Plane Runs vertically through umbilical region the body and separates 2. Right hypochondriac- lie lateral to it into right and left the epigastric region and deep to the parts ribs (chondro = cartilage) Median Plane A sagittal plane that 3. Left hypochondriac- lie lateral to the passes though the epigastric region and deep to the ribs midline of the body, (chondro = cartilage) dividing it into equal 4. Umbilical- the centermost region right and left halves deep to and surrounding the umbilicus Transverse/ Horizontal Runs parallel to the (navel) Plane surface of the ground, 5. Right lumbar- lie lateral to the dividing the body into umbilical region (lumbus = loin) superior and inferior 6. Left lumbar- lie lateral to the parts umbilical region (lumbus = loin) Frontal/ Coronal Plane Runs vertically from 7. Hypogastric- located inferior to the right to left and divides umbilical region the body into anterior 8. Right iliac- located lateral to the and posterior parts hypogastric region (iliac = superior part Longitudinal Section A cut through the long of the hip bone) axis of the organ 9. Left iliac- located lateral to the Transverse Section/ A cut at a right angle to hypogastric region (iliac = superior part Cross Section the long axis of the hip bone) Oblique Section A cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle  - The thoracic cavity is separated from BODY CAVITIES the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity - these cavities are closed to the outside and by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped provide different degrees of protection to muscle important in breathing. the organs contained within them. b. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY 1. NASAL CAVITY - has two parts. - Open to the outside of the body - these regions are not physically - located within and posterior to the nose, the separated by a muscular or membrane wall nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system - the abdominal and pelvic cavities are passageways not aligned with each other. Instead, the bowl-shaped pelvis tips away from the perpendicular 2. DORSAL BODY CAVITY - the ventral body cavity houses internal - which protects the fragile nervous system organs collectively called the viscera or organs, has two subdivisions visceral organs. a. CRANIAL CAVITY - in the skull, encases the brain b. VERTEBRAL OR SPINAL CAVITY 4. ABDOMINAL CAVITY - runs within the bony vertebral - is bounded primarily by the abdominal column, encloses the delicate spinal muscles and contains the stomach, the cord. The spinal cord is essentially a intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, continuation of the brain, and the and the kidneys. cranial and spinal cavities are continuous with one another. 5. PELVIC CAVITY - is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part 3. VENTRAL BODY CAVITY of the large intestine, and the internal - the more anterior and larger of the closed reproductive organs. body cavities - has two major subdivisions: 6. ORAL AND DIGESTIVE CAVITIES - commonly called the mouth, contains the a. THORACIC CAVITY teeth and tongue - superior subdivision,is surrounded by - it is part of and continuous with the cavity of the ribs and muscles of the chest the digestive organs, which opens to the - It is further subdivided into lateral body exterior at the anus. pleural cavities each enveloping a lung, and the medial mediastinum. The 7. ORBITAL CAVITIES mediastinum contains the pericardial - (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and cavity, which encloses the heart, and it present them in an anterior position. also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and 8. MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES others). - the middle ear cavities in the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities  contain tiny bones that transmit sound - As an organ rubs against another organ or vibrations to the hearing receptors in the against the body wall, the serous fluid and inner ears smooth serous membranes reduce friction. - Thoracic cavity contains three serous 9. SYNOVIAL CAVITIES membrane-lined cavities: - are joint cavities - they are enclosed within fibrous capsules 1. PERICARDIAL CAVITY that surround freely movable joints of the - surrounds the heart. The visceral body pericardium covers the heart, which is - like the serous membranes, membranes contained within a connective tissue sac lining synovial cavities secrete a lubricating lined with the parietal pericardium. The fluid that reduces friction as the bones move pericardial cavity, which contains across one another. pericardial fluid, is located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium SEROUS MEMBRANES - line the trunk cavities and cover the 2. TWO PLEURAL CAVITIES organs of these cavities - surrounds each lung, which is - to understand the relationship between covered by visceral pleura. Parietal serous membranes and an organ, imagine pleura lines the inner surface of the pushing your fist into an inflated balloon. thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of The inner balloon wall in contact with your the mediastinum, and the superior fist (organ) represents the visceral serous surface of the diaphragm. The membrane, and the outer part of the pleural cavity is located between balloon wall represents the parietal serous the visceral pleura and the parietal membrane pleura and contains pleural fluid. - the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the parietal serosa. It folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa, - Abdominopelvic cavity contains a covering the organs in the cavity. serous membrane-lined cavity called the - The cavity, or space, between the visceral peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum and parietal serous membranes is normally covers many of the organs of the filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal fluid produced by the membranes peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. - Peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid. - Serous membranes can become inflamed—usually as a result of an infection. - Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium - Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura - Peritonitis is inflammation of the and abdomen, peritoneum. supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS Umbilical Navel Abdominal Anterior body trunk POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS inferior to ribs Calcaneal Heel or foot Acromial Point of shoulder Cephalic Head Antebrachial Forearm Femoral Thigh Antecubital Anterior surface of Gluteal Buttock elbow Lumbar Area of back between Axillary Armpit ribs and hips, loin Brachial Arm Occipital Posterior surface of Buccal Cheek area head or base of skull Carpal Wrist Olacranal Posterior surface of Cervical Neck region elbow Coxal Hip Popliteal Posterior knee area Crucal Anterior leg; shin Sacral Area between hips at Deltoid Curve of shoulder base of spine formed by large deltoid Scapular Shoulder blade region muscle Sural Posterior surface of Digital Fingers, toes leg; calf Femoral Thigh (applies to both Vertebral Area of spinal column anterior and posterior) Fibular Lateral part of leg REFERENCE: Frontal Forehead Inguinal Area where thigh Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 5th Edition. meets body trunk; Scanlon, V.C. & Sanders, T., 2007. F.A. Davis groin Company, Philadelphia. (PDF) Mental Chin Nasal Nose area Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 12th Oral Mouth Edition. Marieb, E.N & Keller, 2016. S.M. Boston : Orbital Eye area Pearson. (PDF) Patellar Anterior knee Pectoral Relating to, or Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, occurring in or on, the Ninth Edition. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, A., chest 2016. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New Pelvic Area overlying the York, NY. (PDF) pelvis anteriorly Pubic Genital region Sternal Breastbone area Tarsal Ankle region Thoracic Are between the neck