1.HISTORY_MEDIEVAL-1.pdf

MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253 SSC HISTORY SUMMARISED NOTES HISTORY OF INDIA MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY Invasion of Ghazni...

MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253 SSC HISTORY SUMMARISED NOTES HISTORY OF INDIA MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY Invasion of Ghazni Mohammed :  Born in 971 AD, Mahmud Ghaznavi was the eldest son of Subuktagin, the king of Ghazni (in present day Afghanistan). When Subuktagin attacked King Jaipala of Punjab, Mahmud fought for his father in the battlefield  Though Mahmud was the eldest son of his father, it is said that in his last days, Subuktagin was not happy with Mahmud.  So, when Subuktagin died in 997 AD, his younger son Ismail became the king of Ghazni. Ismail reigned only for a little time. Very soon, Mahmud defeated him and became the king.  Mahmud began a series of seventeen raids into northwestern India at the end of the 10th century. Nonetheless, he did not attempt to rule Indian Territory except for Punjab, which was his gateway to India  His first expedition was directed against the frontier towns in 1000 AD.  His sixteenth expedition was the plunder of Somnath temple (dedicated to Shiva) in 1025 AD, situated on the sea coast of Kathiarwar  After looting the Somnath temple, when Mahmud was going back to Ghazni, the Jats had attacked his army. So, to punish the Jats, he returned and defeated them in 1026.  The Somnath Temple located in the Kathiarwar region of Gujarat, is one of the twelve Jyotiriings (golden lingas) symbols of the God Shiva History of Muhammad Ghori  The real founder of the Muslim Empire in India was Shihab – ud – Din Muhammad Ghori or Muhammad of Ghur  It is true that Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader of India but he failed to carve out a Muslim empire in India on account of his premature death.  Prithviraj Chauhan, who was the king of Delhi at that time, received contingents from other Rajput kings and defeated him in the First Battle of Tarain (1191).  But he defeated Prithviraj in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192. Captured Delhi and Ajmer and thus laid the foundation of Muslim Rule in India. Also defeated Jaichandra (Gahadval Rajput, ruler of Kannauj) at the Battle of Chandweri in 1194 AD.  Ikhtiyar – ud – din Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, one of Ghori’s commanders, annexed Bihar and Bengal and destroyed Nalanda and Vikramshila University.  Died in 1206 AD, leaving Qutab – ud – Din Aibak the charge. The Ilbari Dynasty or Slave Dynasty of India  Out of all the kings belonging to the so – called Slave Dynasty, only three, viz., Qutab – ud – din Aibak, Iltutmish and Balban were slaves and even they were manumitted by their masters. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  The dynasty is called Ilbari dynasty because all rulers of this dynasty, except Aibak, belonged to the Ilbari tribe of Turks. Qutab – ud – din Aibak History (1206 – 1210) :  Md. Ghori left his Indian possessions in his hands. He ruled on the death of his master and founded this dynasty  Famous for his generosity and earned the sobriquet of lakh – baksh (giver of Lakhs).  Laid the foundation of Qutab Minar after the name of famous Sufi saint, Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.  Died of a horse fall at Lahore, while playing Chaugan (polo). The Turks only introduced polo in India.  Built the first mosque in India – Quwwat – ul – Islam (at Delhi) and Adhai Din Ka Jhonpara (at Ajmer). History of Aram Shah (1210) :  When Qutab – ud – din Aibak died all of a sudden at Lahore, the Amirs and Maliks of Lahore put Aram Shah on the throne. Some texts say that he was the son of Aibak while others deny so.  He was a weak and worthless young man and was rejected by the people of Delhi. Iltutmish, who was the Governor of Badaun at that time, defeated him and acquired the throne. Iltumish (1210 – 36) :  Shams – ud – din Iltutmish was the son – in – law of Aibak.  Prevented Chengiz Khan attack by refusing to give refuge to an enemy of Khan, Jalaluddin Mangabarani (a ruler from Iran). Thus, due to his diplomatic skill he prevented Mongol attack.  He got his authority (Sultanate of Delhi) recognized by the Caliph of Baghdad (Khalifa), as a member of world, fraternity of Islamic states.  He formed Turkan – i – Chahalgani or Chalisa (a group of 40 powerful Turkish nobles to suppress nobles).  Divided his empire into IQTAS, an assignment of land in lieu of salary, which he distributed to his officers. Every Iqtadar had to maintain law and order and collect revenue. After deducting his salary and the expenses of the government, he sent the surplus revenue to the Central Government. Iqtadars were transferable.  He is called the Father of Tomb Building (built Sultan Garhi in Delhi).  As his successor, declared Razia, thus deviating from the normal practice. Raziya History (1236 – 1240) :  She was the first and the last Muslim woman ruler of medieval India. She succeeded her brother in 1236 and ruled for 31 / 2 Years.  She disregarded purdah, began to adorn male attire and rode out in public on elephant back.  She promoted Jamaluddin Yaqut, an Abyssinian, to the important office of superintendent of the stables. It provoked the Turkish nobles. There were simultaneous revolts in the various parts of the kingdom. The Governor of Lahore was the first to create trouble but he was defeated.  There was a serious rebellion in Bhatinda. Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, Governor of Bhatinda, refused to acknowledge the suzerainty of Raziya. Raziya, accompanied by Yaqut Mared against Altunia. On the way, the Turkish followers of Altunia murdered Yaqut and imprisoned Raziya. She had to marry Altunia to get out of the situation. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  But she was killed, along with her husband, by Bahram Shah, a son of Iltutmish, on their way back to Delhi Balban History (1266 – 1286) :  He himself was a member of Chalisa.  To guard himself, he got every member of Iltutmish family killed and gave a death blow to the Turkish nobility (Chalisa).  Introduced Sijdah or Paibos practice, in which the people were required to kneel and touch the ground with their head to greet the Sultan.  In order to win the confidence of the public, he administered justice with extreme impartiality. He employed an efficient spy system.  He was a liberal patron of Persian literature and showed special favour to the poet, Amir Khusro.  But his son, Muhammad’s death was a smashing blow to Balban and the death – knell to his dynasty.  After Balban’s death, Kaiqubad (1287 – 1290) sat on throne but he was an inefficient and fun – loving person. KHALJI DYNASTY IN INDIA Jallaluddin Firuz Khalji History (1290 ‐ 1296):  The most important event of his reign was the invasion of Devagiri in 1294 by his nephew and son‐in‐law, Ali Gurshap or Ala‐ud‐din Khalji. Devagiri was the capital of the Yadava kingdom in the Deccan and Ala‐ud‐din plundered the vast treasury.  Married his daughter to Ulugh Khan, a descendent of Chengiz Khan, to win their goodwill.  He adopted Balban's policy of 'Blood and Iron' in tackling the Mongol menace.  Added an entrance door to Qutab Minar, Alai Darwaza and built his capital at Siri.  Also built Hauz Khas, Mahal Hazaar Satoon and Jamait Khana Mosque in Delhi.  Adopted the title Sikandar‐i‐Sani. Alauddin Khilji :  First Sultan to have permanent army‐ paid soldiers in cash, imported horses, detailed description of each soldier (Chehra) and each horse (Dagh) was kept (first time).  First Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics.  Though Alauddin was illiterate, he was a patron of learning and art. There were many great poets in his court. Both Amir Khusro and Mir Hasan Dehlvi enjoyed his patronage Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah History (1316 ‐ 1320):  He was one of the sons of Alauddin who, somehow, escaped the preying eyes of Malik Kafur. After the death of Kafur he became the king.  During his reign, many revolts took place across the country. Although he was able to crush them, he wasn't able to run the administration smoothly. History of Nasiruddin Khusro Shah (1320):  He killed Mubarak Shah and usurped the throne.  He was defeated and killed by Ghazi Malik. With him, the thirty year rule of Khalji dynasty also came to an end. History of Malik Kafur :  He was an Indian eunuch and slave who became a general in the army of Alauddin Khilji. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  In 1297, he was purchased for 1,000 Dinars by Nusrat Khan. That is the reason why Malik Kafur is sometimes called Hazar ‐ Dinari.  It is reported that Alauddin fell in love with his effeminate handsomeness and named him senior commander in his army after he agreed to convert to Islam.  After the death of Alauddin he placed, Kafur was responsible for the execution of all those princess of royal blood who had any claim to the throne. Thirty six days after the death of Alauddin, Kafur and his associates were killed. Amir Khusro (1253 ‐ 1325):  Ab'ul Hasan Yamin al‐Din Khusro, better known as Amir Khusro Dehlavi, is one of the iconic figures in the cultural history of India.  Amir Khusro was not only one of India's greatest poets, he is also credited with being the founder of both Hindustani classical music and Qawwali (the devotional music of the Sufis).  He was born of a Turkish father, Saif Ad‐din and an Indian mother, in India.  He was given the title Tuti‐i‐Hind (parrot of India). THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320 – 25) :  Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq or Ghazi Malik was the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty.  He was the first Sultan of Delhi who took up the title of Ghazi or slayer of the infidels.  Built the fortified city of Tughlaqabad and made it his capital.  Had troublesome relationship with the sufi saint, Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia.  Died in 1325, after a fall from a high‐raised pavilion. Ibn Batuta, the Moroccon traveller, who was in Delhi at that time, opined that his death was due to sabotage arranged by his son, Jauna Khan. History of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325 – 1351) :  Real name was Jauna Khan.  He built the fortress of Adilabad and the city of Jahanpanah  The famous traveller, Ibn Batuta came to Delhi during 1334. He acted as the Quazi of the capital for 8 years. He recorded the contemporary Indian scene in his ‘Safarnamah’ (called Rehla). History of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351 – 1388) :  He was Muhammad’s cousin.  He was chosen the Sultan by the nobles.  He tried to appease everybody.  He cancelled the loans of peasants which had been advanced by his predecessor.  He made iqtadary system hereditary.  The principle of heredity was recognised not only in civil offices, but also in army. Soldiers were given land assignments instead of cash payment.  Imposed some new taxes : 1. Kharaj : a land tax equal to 1/10 of the produce of the land (by Hindus only). 2. Jaziya : a tax by non – muslims (even by brahmins). 3. Zakat : Tax on property (@ 2.5%) (by Muslims only). 4. Khams : 1 / 5th of booty captured in war.  Took steps to translate Hindu religious texts & Sanskrit books on music into Persian. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  Built new towns : Hissar, Firozpur, Fatehabad, Firozabad (the present day Firoz Shah Kotla in Delhi) and Jaunpur.  Repaired Qutab Minar when it was struck by lightening.  Built his capital Firozabad and to beautify it, brought 2 Ashoka Pillars, one from Topara in Ambala & the other from Meerut.  Wrote a book ‘Fatuhat Firozshahi’  Khwaja Abdul Malik Isami wrote Futuh – us –Sulatin.  He formed Diwan – i – Khairat and built Dar – ul – Shafa or a charitable hospital at Delhi. Also introduced 2 new coins – Adha (50% jital) and bikh (25% jital). The Later Tughlaqs History :  Firoz Tughlaq was succeeded by his grand son who took up the title of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II. He was a pleasure – loving king who tried to strengthen his position by merely disposing of all possible rivals.  Ghiyasuddin was replaced by Abu Bakr Shah in 1389.  Abu Bakr was replaced by Nasiruddin Muhammad in 1390, who ruled till 1394 Sayyid Dynasty  Khizr Khan (1414 – 1421) founded the dynasty and claimed to have descended from the prophet of Islam.  Khizr Khan’s 3 successors –  Mubarak Shah (1421 – 33)  Muhammad Shah (1434 – 43) and  Alauddin Alam Shah (1443 – 51) were incapable leaders  Yahya – bin – Ahmed – bin – Abdullah – Sirhindi wrote Tarikh – i – Mubarakshahi (history from Mahmud to Muhammad Shah of Sayyid Dynasty). THE LODHI DYNASTY History of Bahlul Lodhi (1451 – 1489):  Conquested Jaunpur by ousting Sharqui dynasty.  Revived Sultanate to quite an extent. History of Sikandar Lodhi (1489 – 1517):  Real name was Nizam Khan. Noblest of the three Lodhi rulers.  Introduced the Gaz‐i‐Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields.  In 1504, he founded the city of Agra and made it his capital.  Was a poet himself and wrote verses in Persian under the pen‐name of Gulrukhi.  Repaired Qutab Minar Ibrahim Lodhi (1517 – 1526):  Was defeated and killed by Babur in the I Battle of Panipat in 1526.  With this the Sultanate of Delhi ended. History of Malwa :  Malwa was annexed by Alauddin Khalji in 1305 and remained a part of Sultanate until its Governor; Dihawan Khan Ghuri asserted his independence in 1435.  It became powerful under the reign of Hushang Shah. He beautified the city Mandu with Jama Masjid, Hindol Mahal and Jahaz Mahal. Next ruler, Mahmud Khalji was defeated by Rana Kumbha. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  Malwa became a part of Gujarat in 1531, and was finally annexed by the Mughals in 1562. History of Mewar :  Alauddin Khalji captured its capital Chittor in 1303. But Rajput rule was soon restored by Rana Hamir (1326‐64).  The greatest ruler of this house was the famous Rana Kumbha Karan (1538‐68). Rana Kumbha built the famous victory tower or ‘Vijaya Stambh’ at Chittor to commemorate his victory over Mahmud Khalji of Malwa.  His court was adorned by Mandan who wrote many books on architecture (Parsad Mandan, Rupa Mandan).  Another important king was Rana Sangram Singh (1509‐28), who defeated Mahmud‐II of Malwa and Ibrahim Lodhi. But he was defeated by Babur at Khanua in 1527. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN HISTORY History of Sufis :  There were 3 chief orders of Sufis in India : The Chishti, The Suharawadi and the Silsilah of Firdausi. The Chishti History :  The Chisti order was established by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti (Ajmer). His two main disciples were Bakhtiyar Kaki and Shaikh Hamiduddin Sufi.  Others were Nizamuddin Auliya, Nasiruddin Chiragh – i – Dehlvi, the historian Barani and the poet Amir Khusro.  It was popular in Delhi and the Doab region. VIJAYNAGAR KINGDOM History of Vijaynagar Kingdom  Founded in 1336 as a result of the political and cultural movement against the Tughluq authority in the south.  The empire of Vijaynagar was founded by Harihara – I and Bukka, two of the five sons of Sangama. They were originally feudatories of Kakatiyas. Harihara – I was the first ruler. A Bhakti saint Vidyaranya motivated them.  The Nayakar and Ayagar Systems : The Nayakar and Ayagar systems were the backbones of the Vijayanagar administration.  The Nayakar System : Under this system, military chiefs were assigned certain pieces of land called amaram. These chiefs, known as nayaks, had revenue and administrative rights on their lands.  The Ayagar System : It involved the constitution of a 12 – member officials group by the Centre to maintain administration at the village level. These officials, called the ayagars, were village functionaries and constituted of groups of families.  Adilshahi Kingdom of Bijapur : Founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. It was annexed by Aurangzeb in 1686.  Nizam Shahi Kingdom of Ahmednagar : Founded by Malik Ahmad. It was annexed by the Mughals in 1636.  Imadshahi Kingdom of Berar : Founded by Fateh Ullah Imad Shah. It was annexed by Ahmednagar in 1574.  Qutub shahi Kingdom of Golconda : Founded by Qutub Shah. It was annexed by Aurangzeb in 1687.  Baridshahi Kingdom of Bidar : Founded by Amir AH Barid. It was annexed by Bijapur in 1618 – 19. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253 MUGHAL EMPERORS OF INDIA Babar Emperor (1526 – 1530) :  Was a descended of Timur on his father’s side and Chengiz Khan on his mother’s side.  Originally ruledover Ferghana (Afghanistan). He became the Sultan at the early age of 12, when his father Sultan Umar Shaikh Mirza died.  He was invited to attack India by Daulat Khan Lodhi (Subedar of Punjab), Alam Khan (uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi) and Rana Sanga.  Defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.  Defeated Sangram Singh (Rana Sanga) of Mewar in the Battle of Khanua in 1527  Defeated another Rajput ruler, Medini Rai (of Chanderi) in the Battle of Chanderi in 1528.  Defeated the Afghan chiefs under Mahmud Lodi brother of Ibrahim Lodi) in the Battle of Ghagra in 1529.  Died in 1530. Buried at Aram Bagh in Agra; later his body was taken to Aram Bagh, Kabul. Humayun (1530 – 40 and 1555 – 56)  He was born to Mahim Begam and Babur.  Defeated the Afghan forces at Daurah in 1532.  He was attacked by Sher Shah at Chausa (Battle of Chausa) in 1539, but escaped. Here Humayun was saved by Nizam, a water carrier (saqqa).  But in the Battle of Kannauj (also called Battle of Bilgram) in 1540, he was defeated by Sher Shah and had to flee.  Passed nearly 15 years (1540 – 1555) in exile.  Had the chance to return in 1555. Sher Shah, the victor of Kannauj, died in 1545. He was succeeded by his son Islam Shah, who ruled up to 1553. He was succeeded by Muhammad Adil Shah.  Bairam Khan, his most faithful officer, helped him in this.  Died in 1556, due to a fall from his library building stairs (Sher Mandal, Delhi) seven months after he captured  Delhi. It is said about him that “Humayun tumbled through life and he tumbled out of it”.  Gulbadan Begum, his half – sister, wrote Humayun – nama. History of Akbar (1556 – 1605) :  Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar was the son of Humayun and Hamida Banu Begam. He was born at Amarkot in 1542.  Bairam Khan coronated him at Kalanaur when he was 14 years old.  Bairam Khan represented him in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 against Hemu Vikramaditya. Hemu, the PM of Muhammad Shah Adil of Bengal, was defeated. Hemu is considered the last Hindu king of Delhi.  Conquered Malwa in 1561 defeating Baz Bahadur.  Won Gujarat in 1572. It was in order to commemorate his victory of Gujarat that Akbar got the Buland Darwaza constructed at Fatehpur Sikri.  Also introduced the Mansabdary System to organise the nobility as well as the army. Mansabdar meant holder of a rank. Akbar’s Navratna History :  Abu’l – Fazl, the Wazir of Akbar and author of the Akbamama an account of Akbar’s reign. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  Faizi was historian Abul Fazl’s brother in Akbar’s court. He was a poet composing in Persian and an all – round genius.  Tansen, believed to be one of the greatest musician of all times, was born in a Hindu family in Gwalior  Raja Birbal, alias Mahesh Das, was a courtier in the administration of Akbar.  Raja Todar Mai was Akbar’s finance minister, who overhauled the revenue system in the kingdom.  Raja Man Singh was the Kacchwaha raja of Amber. He was a mansabdar and a trusted general of Akbar  Abdul Rahim Khan – e – Khana was a poet and the son of Akbar’s trusted caretaker, Bairam Khan. After Bairam Khan was murdered, Bairan Khan’s wife became the second wife of Akbar, which made Abdul Rahim Khan – e Khan his stepson  Faqir Aziao Din was one of Akbar’s chief advisors.  Mullah Do Piaza was among the Mughal emperor Akbar’s chief advisors History of Jahangir (1605 – 1627) :  Akbar’s eldest son Salim assumed the title of Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir and ascended the throne.  The fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjun Dev, had helped Khusro. So he was also executed after 5 days of torture  His greatest failure was the loss of Kandahar to Persia in 1622.  The most important event in Jahangir’s life was his marriage to Mehr – un – Nisa, the widow of Sher Afghani in 1611. The title of Nur Jahan was conferred on her.  Captain Hawkins (1608 – 11) and Sir Thomas Roe (1615 – 1619) visited his court. Due to the efforts of Sir Thomas Roe English factories were established at Surat and some other places. History of Shahjahan (1628 – 1658) :  Shahjahan’s policy of annexing the Deccan was quite successful. Ahmednagar was annexed while Bijapur and Golconda accepted his overlordship.  In 1639, Shahjahan secured Kandahar and immediately fortified it.  Aurangzeb’s second term as Viceroy in Deccan began in 1653 and continued till 1658. Aurangzeb built an effective Revenue System there (Murshid Kuli Khan was his dewan there).  Last 8 years of his life were very painful, as there was a brutal war of succession among his four sons – Dara, Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad. Dara was his favourite but Aurangzeb was the ablest.  Ultimately, Aurangzeb took control and he was made the prisoner in the Agra Fort, being looked after by his daughter, Jahan Ara, till his death in 1666.  His reign is considered the ‘Golden Age of the Mughal Empire’  Taj Mahal, the eternal love monument is located in Agra. Shah Jahan commissioned its construction as a mausoleum lor his favourite wife, Arjumancl Bano Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal, in 1631. Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658 – 1707) :  At the time of Shahjahan’s illness, Dara was in Delhi and the other brothers were in different places – Shuja in Bengal, Murad in Gujarat and Aurangzeb in Deccan.  Aurangzeb first defeated the Imperial army in the Battle of Dharmat and then defeated a force led by Dara in the Battle of Samugarh Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  He caused serious rift in the Mughal‐Rajput alliance by his policy of annexation of Marwar in 1639 after the dea of Raja Jaswant Singh.  In 1675, he ordered the arrest and execution of ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur KOHINOOR DIAMOND HISTORY:  Kohinoor is a 105 carat (21.6 gm) diamond that was once the largest known diamond in the world it originated in India, belonged to various Indian and Persian rulers who fought bitterly over it at various points in history, and seized as a spoil of war, it became part of the Crown Jewels of England when Queen Victoria was proclaimed empress of India.  Most sources agree that the Kohinoor was mined at Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh. It was first owned by Kakatiya dynasty, but the Kakatiya kingdom under Pratapa Rudra was ravaged in 1323 by Muhammad bin Tughluq.  From then onwards, the stone passed through the hands of successive rulers of the Delhi sultanate,finally passing to Babur in 1526.  Shah Jahan had the stone placed into his ornate Peacock Throne. It was taken away by Nadir Shah in 1739 along with the Peacock Throne. After the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747 it came into the hands of Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan. It was passed down to his descendants until it was taken by Maharaja Ranjit Singh ofPunjab in 1813.  From him, the gem passed on to the British.  Ranjit Singh’s successor, Duleep Singh gave the gem to Queen Victoria in 1851.  The stone is presently used as the centre piece of the crowns of the Queens consort of the United Kingdom. Queen Alexandra was the first to use the stone, followed by Queen Mary.  In 1936, the stone was set into the crown of the new Queen Elizabeth (later known as the Queen Mother), wife of King George VI. In 2002, the crown rested atop her coffin as she by in state. COMMUNAL AND REGIONAL UPRISINGS The Sikhs History :  Belong to a religious sect founded by Guru Nanak (1469 – 1539). His main teachings were the faith in one true Lord, the worship of the Name and the necessity of a Guru in the worship of the name.  After his death, Guru Angad (1539 – 52) became his successor. He invented the Gurumukhi script for the Punjabi Language.  Guru Amardas (1552 – 74) was the next guru. He reformed the institution of hangar and gave more importance to it. He divided his spiritual empire into 22 parts called Manjis. Each Manjis was put under the charge of a Sikh.  4th guru, Guru Ramdas (1575 – 81) had very cordial relations with Akbar. He laid the foundation of Amritsar city.  He dug a tank (sarovar) and it exists at Amritsar. In the midst of the tank, the Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) was constructed.  5th guru, Guru Arjun Dev (1581 – 1606) compiled the Adi Granth. He also completed the construction of Amritsar and founded other cities like Taran Taran and Kartarpur. He was executed by Jahangir for helping his rebellious son, Khusro. Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com  MARUTI CLASSES FOR BANKING/SSC/RAILWAY/BIHAR SSC 7766932253  6th guru, Guru Har Govind Rai (1606 – 44) defeated a Mughal Army at Sangrama. He transformed the Sikhs into military community, estd. Akal Takhtat the Golden Temple and held court there to conduct secular matters. He himself took up the tide of Sachcha Padshah.He also fortified Amritsar.  Guru Har Rai (1644 – 61) and Guru Har Kishan (1661 – 64) were the 7th and 8th gurus respectively.  9th guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur (1664 – 75) revolted against Aurangzeb but was executed by him. He was beheaded at Delhi’s Chandni Chowk in November 1675. The Sis Ganj Gurudwara marks the site of his martyrdom.  10th and last guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1675 – 1708) (born in Patna) organised Sikhs as a community of warrior and called them as Khalsa (Baisakhi day, 1699). He summoned a big assembly of Sikhs at Anantpur and selected 5 persons who came to be known as Panj Piaras. They took the water of immortality.] Maruti Classes , 1st floor , back side, Legend Plaza,Near Passport office,Ashiana Digha Road, Patna-800014. www.maruticlasses.com | ssczone.maruticlasses.com | bankerzone.maruticlasses.com