Hospitality Management Course Outline PDF

**College of Hospitality Management** I. A. B. II. A. B. C. 1. Demonstrate a basic understanding and appreciation of hospitality facilities in relations to their existence, design, asscociated costs, management tools, and environmental concerns. 2. Identify and reason key e...

**College of Hospitality Management** I. A. B. II. A. B. C. 1. Demonstrate a basic understanding and appreciation of hospitality facilities in relations to their existence, design, asscociated costs, management tools, and environmental concerns. 2. Identify and reason key elements of facilities physcial systems, as well as their reasons and application concerns in relation to water, electrical, HVAC and lighting systems. 3. Identify major essential kitchen equipment and their applicable uses and maintaining needs. 4. Identify major components of the facility's outer enveloped and exterior facilities and relating concerns to maintaining these components. 5. Identify and describe major components and concepts of hospitality faciltiy design, with a concentration on food service planning design 6. Understand and discuss various reasons for and types renovations within the hospitality industry, including the various stage involved. 7. Practice landscaping of grounds. 8. List methods and types of construction equipment and system. **What is Ergonomics?** Ergonomics is readily applied to choosing better furniture, to space planning, improved layout, better lighting, the management of noise, the movement of people, and amenity generally. The aim of ergonomics is to increase safety, convenience and well-being for all." The key focus here is operational efficiency, which comes in several forms and is more than just intelligent design that streamlines staff and service movement. It also includes using the right materials, smart equipment, efficient layouts and designs to avoid a clash between guests and services movements, all the while ensuring higher return on investments. Design factors, as for the workplace, intended to maximize productivity by minimizing operator fatigue and discomfort. **Role of Facility Management System in Hospitality Industry** Facility operations play a critical role in delivering exceptional guest experiences. In today\'s competitive landscape, Facility Management Systems are transforming the way hospitality establishments manage their facilities and streamline operations. and how they contribute to enhanced guest satisfaction and operational efficiency. **1. Streamlined Maintenance Processes**: Facility Management Systems automate and streamline maintenance processes in hospitality establishments. These systems enable proactive scheduling of maintenance tasks, track work orders, and provide real-time updates on maintenance activities. By ensuring timely maintenance and repairs, establishments can minimize downtime, optimize operational efficiency, and create a pleasant environment for guests. **2. Efficient Asset Management:** Hospitality establishments have a diverse range of assets, including furniture, fixtures, and equipment. Facility Management Systems facilitate efficient asset tracking, maintenance, and lifecycle management. With centralized asset databases, establishments can monitor asset conditions, schedule preventive maintenance, and avoid costly breakdowns. Effective asset management leads to improved guest satisfaction and reduced operational costs. **3. Enhanced Safety and Security**: Safety and security are paramount in the hospitality industry. Facility Management Systems offer advanced security features such as access control, surveillance cameras, and emergency response systems. These systems help monitor critical areas, ensure guest safety, and respond quickly to emergencies. By providing a secure environment, establishments can build trust, enhance their reputation, and prioritize guest well-being. **4. Energy Management and Sustainability**: Hospitality establishments consume substantial amounts of energy. Facility Management Systems enable efficient energy management by monitoring and controlling HVAC systems, lighting, and other energy-consuming devices. By implementing energy-saving practices, establishments can reduce operational costs, minimize their environmental footprint, and contribute to sustainability efforts. **5. Improved Guest Experiences:** Efficient facility operations directly impact guest experiences. Facility Management Systems ensure that amenities, such as heating and cooling systems, lighting, and other services, are well-maintained and operational. By delivering a comfortable and functional environment, establishments can create memorable guest experiences and foster loyalty. **The impact of Facility Design on facility Management​** Facilities refers to the spaces in the built environment used by people and their organizations. It can range in size from an office unit in a building to an entire building to a campus with multiple buildings. It also includes infrastructure like airports, seaports, land transport structures and utilities. Planning and design are the first two phases in the development of facilities. This is followed by the building or construction of the facility. Design is the process of translating the objectives and needs of the client into floor plans and drawings that will enable the construction of the building. Good facilities planning and design enhances the work environment, and a well-planned and designed building can increase the performance of the people and the organization(s) that occupy it. A poorly designed building affects the productivity of its occupants. For example, in a factory building, careful thought has to be given to the production process so that the layout and location of equipment facilitates and enables workers to work at their highest productivity. In a hotel or MICE (meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions) venue, an example of this is having a central kitchen layout adjacent to the restaurants and meeting spaces to help centralize operations and reduce the amount of space required by reducing redundant kitchen facilities. Effective facilities planning and design uses financial resources efficiently. Many buildings have a lifespan of 50--100 years. A poorly planned and designed building will cost more to operate and maintain over its lifespan. This will affect the profitability of the organization occupying the facility. A flexible floor plan allows for reconfiguration of the building as user needs change and maximizes the lifespan of the building. Design opens-up valuable opportunities for businesses. Its importance is often underestimated, but good design can bring some significant business benefits. Design can then help you turn these ideas into innovative and competitive products and services that are suitable for your market. You can also use design to make your business processes more efficient and to strengthen your marketing approach. - Make design part of your business strategy - Using design to improve product development - Use design to win new customers and markets Evidence shows that using design improves business performance. Businesses that undervalue the importance of design may be missing vital opportunities. Design can bring a range of commercial benefits if used systematically across your business. These benefits include: - increased sales of your products or services - improved market position relative to your competitors - greater customer loyalty and fewer customer complaints - a stronger identity for your business [ten essentials that facility managers need to know about facilities planning and design] According to the International Organisation for Standardisation, facility management is the "organisational function which integrates people, place and process within the built environment with the purpose of improving the quality of life of people and the productivity of the core business". 1. Understand the phases in the development of a facility and know the parties involved in the development of a building. - planning phase - design phase (*schematic design stage, design development stage, tender documentation stage*) - build phase - manage phase 2. Recognize that the organization's strategic plan drives the need for facilities. The facility master plan should be aligned with the strategic plan. 3. Understand the role and responsibilities of the Owner's Representative (OwnerRep) in planning and design. Learn how to manage the selection process for design consultants. - Internal parties (the user group, the support group, the technical group, and the approvals group) - External parties (include the consultants, the main contractor, government agencies and the public.) - Consultants (include the architect, civil and structural engineer, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer.) - Main contractor - Government and Regulatory agencies - The public and community 4. Recognize how occupants and their activities impact the size and design of a space. Learn about universal design, area definitions and space standards. 5. Learn the process for programming building spaces and how to select a site for development. 6. Learn about the process of master planning so that the long-term phased development of a facility campus is optimized. 7. Understand the environmental impacts of development and learn the key aspects of the environmental impact assessment process. 8. Learn the key aspects of the capital improvement planning process and how to put together a capital improvement plan for a large facility 9. Understand the considerations in the planning and design of workplaces. 10.. Learn the principles of managing space in a large facility with a space management policy and software. **Contract for services** - A contract for services is a legal agreement that defines the scope, timelines, payment terms, and responsibilities related to service provision. It ensures a clear understanding of expectations and prevents misunderstandings. - Contracts for services are relevant in various scenarios, from freelance collaborations to ongoing business partnerships. They can be adapted to various industries, offering flexibility in their application. - Crafting an effective contract for services involves several key components, including identifying the parties involved, outlining the scope of services, specifying payment details, and establishing procedures for dispute resolution. **What is a contract for services?** A contract for services is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that [outlines the terms and conditions](https://www.pandadoc.com/blog/write-terms-and-conditions-that-protect-your-company/) under which the service provider agrees to contract with a client or recipient of their services. 1. **The parties involved.** The legal names and contact details of the service provider and client. 2. **Timelines and deadlines.** The [contract effective date](https://www.pandadoc.com/blog/contract-effective-date/) and end date of the service, milestones, and any crucial deadlines. 3. **The scope of these services.** The nature and extent of the services to be provided. This includes outlining tasks, deliverables, and any specific requirements. 4. **Compensation and payment terms.** A compensation structure, payment schedule, and methods of payment. This may also include provisions for additional costs or expenses. 5. **Confidentiality and non-disclosure.** How sensitive information will be treated and protected by both parties. 6. **Intellectual property.** Establishing ownership rights and usage permissions for any [intellectual property](https://www.pandadoc.com/blog/intellectual-property-contracts/) created during the provision of services. 7. **A termination clause.** The conditions under which either party can [terminate the contract](https://www.pandadoc.com/blog/how-to-terminate-contract/), including notice periods and reasons for termination. 8. **Liability and indemnification.** The responsibilities and liabilities of each party in case of potential damages or loss. 9. **Governing law and jurisdiction**. The legal jurisdiction whose laws will govern the contract and any potential legal proceedings. 10. **Dispute resolution.** Procedures for resolving conflicts or [contract disputes](https://www.pandadoc.com/blog/contract-dispute/). **Module 2: Managing Maintenance needs** **Prelim** **Electrical System Components** The smartphone you use to communicate with your friends, the television you use to watch your favorite programs, and the electrical wires running along the side of the highway. What do all these things have in common? They are all examples of **electrical systems** that play a significant part in our daily lives. Since the late 19^th^ century, electricity became more commercially available to the general public, allowing inventors and engineers to build electricity-dependent machines that we could use in our homes. An **electrical system **is an object made up of various electrical components that allow for transporting electrical energy for a particular purpose. **Electrical Components -** An electrical component is the general term for any part of an electric circuit. This includes: - **Wires** - Wires are pieces of metal that transport electricity. They are usually flexible which makes them easier to use. These electrical conductors are key to all electrical devices, from the electric circuit board in a computer to the transformer in a neighborhood, or even the electrical transmission system carrying electric power hundreds of kilometers. Without wires electricity would be unavailable for everyone, making them a necessary component to modern life. Depending on their purpose, wires can have varying sizes and compositions. - **Switches -** electric switch is an electrical component that breaks or closes an electric circuit. Opening the switch (breaking the circuit) means turning off the electrical device and closing the switch (completing the circuit) allows an electrical current to flow so that the device is on. - **Resistors** - are electrical components in an electric circuit that slow down current in the circuit. They deliberately lose energy in the form of heat or thermal energy. - **Capacitors** - is an electronic device that stores charge and energy - **Light bulbs** - A light bulb is an energy conversion device that converts electrical energy into light. - **An electric battery is** a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode - **Cable assemblies** are groups of cables which are arranged into a single unit for a particular purpose. Cable assemblies are also referred to as cable harnesses or wiring looms. These cables are grouped together in precisely the required length and orientation in order to make installation easier and quicker. - **A power supply** is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. - **[Resistors](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=90f0e14791cac1c8&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIK9uCBHo2ywjdgK9bxSYWKpN7PAhQ:1723284889486&q=resistors&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAI2RMU8CMRTHxRS4OwghdXK78AWAEEXjohxoSNAYISbGgZTjiTV37aXtaXDwC-jk4uTi6ORg4pdwcjDR3eVWNyZrD3e39_799_f-fbXqlUx9lql0AvCVoD4J3IhfgHDlVCoIXZ-HEWfAlJwtWsPO3qA7OBo-oUyCCtj2SER8qrgw3QFIKnUjE-Q4VjWs1pq1lfUE5XG2TfkYEpTDaDuWuihiZwcYCJLaEV7seobRZePYT0XtGQjCUmaCllJk3a9d4nyLKAVimiAb5_vApLmg60MeKDLRAzAue2QUgLslJYSjgII2FBzbIM6a52uG73HGYD5ufrjakFNlMvc4GWu9hIsmxgkXIZi3YatHJ6eKsomB7MaBoiHoPMa8n26Px8LXOcq4NBfiKPpN8ZC1xd-ePnPLC9dfN43NvvP4svH9fPX22m7ljxvvH3f3t9Y_vuQHCgr2Ir0BAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqt7q9mOqHAxVN3jQHHUdtCUkQ7fAIegUIABDqAQ&biw=1242&bih=552&dpr=1.1) - **a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. - **fuse** is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current. - **An inductor** is a passive electrical component that opposes sudden changes in current. Inductors are also known as coils or chokes. The electrical symbol for an inductor is L - **A circuit breaker** is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by current in excess of that which the equipment can safely carry. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to prevent fire - **A transformer is an electromagnetic device that converts electrical energy from one circuit to another without changing its frequency or power. Transformers help to improve the efficiency and safety of electric power systems by raising and lowering voltage levels as and when needed.** - **Electric generator**, any machine that converts mechanical energy to electricity for transmission and distribution over power lines to domestic, commercial, and industrial customers. Generators also produce the electrical power required for automobiles, aircraft, ships, and trains. - **Voltage** is the pressure from an electrical circuit\'s power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light. - **An electrical connector** is an electromechanical device used to create an electrical connection between parts of an electrical circuit, or between different electrical circuits, thereby joining them into a larger circuit **Understand How Is Electricity Billed & How Utility Bills Work** **How do electricity bills work?** **Your electricity usage is tracked by a meter that records how much electricity flows into your home. Your utility company then reads your meter every month to determine your monthly usage. If someone doesn't come to take your reading, and you don't give them one, they will often bill you based on your estimated usage.** **Your electric bill contains a lot of information. For example, it shows what electric category you are part of (*residential, small business, large business, or non-profit organization*), it shows what rate you pay for your electricity,** **[Three principle components how to read your electric bill]** 1. **Kilowatt-Hours (KWh)** **What is a kilowatt-hour (KWh)? Your electric meter records how much electricity you use. The measurement used to record this is called a kilowatt-hour, KWh. ** **Each month, the reading on your electric meter is noted and will show on your electric bill. In other words, your electric bill will show the amount of electricity you used in kilowatt-hours (KWh). ** **A KWh is the amount of power (watts) something uses if left on for an hour, divided by 1000 (kilo). Your utility or electric provider charges you an "electric rate". You pay a few cents for every KWh that you use. ** **Example:** **Electricity rate (kWh) (Meralco) = P11. 3997 ** **Appliance** **Technology** **Power use** **Usage day/(hrs)** **No. of units** --------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------------- ------------------ **Aircon** **Inverter** **1.5hp** **8** **1** +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Applian | **No. of | **Usage | **Electri | **Cost | **Cost | | ce** | units** | per day** | city | per day** | per | | | | | Usage per | | month** | | | | | day** | | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | **Aircon | **1** | **8 | **1.119 | **₱ | **₱ | | 1.5 HP | | hours** | kWh** | 102.05** | 3,061** | | inverter* | | | | | | | * | | | **(220vol | | | | | | | ts)** | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ **To get the energy consumption (kWh), simply multiply the appliance wattage (kW or W) by the number of hours you use. For example, if you are using a 1119W air conditioner for 8 hours per day, then you are consuming about 8952Wh or 8.952kWh per day.** **1119 x 8 = 8952Wh per day** 8952. **P11.3397 = 102.05 cost per day multiply by 30days = P 3,061** 2. **Delivery or transmission charges -** Delivery or transmission rates are fixed rates set by your local utility company. These rates cover the transportation of the electricity from wherever it's generated to your home or business. Delivery charges can also include costs to maintain power lines, natural gas pipelines, transformers, and the physical infrastructure aspects of making electricity available. Sometimes you may see a "renewable energy" charge on your bill. This doesn't mean you're using renewable energy. Renewable energy charges on your electric bill help to pay for large-scale renewable energy generation. As utilities invest millions of dollars into building renewable energy farms, they put a small charge on your bill to help cover those costs 3. **Electric supply charges -** The supply portion of your electric bill covers the electricity you use (measured in KWh) and the rate you pay for that electricity. every utility changes its electric rates throughout the year. Some utilities change their rates twice a year, some change them quarterly, and some change them monthly. You can always find your electric rate on your electric bill and can see future rate changes on your utility's website. Utilities base their rates on many factors but mainly on supply and demand, you'll note that in high demand periods such as summer and winter your electric bill is higher. **How to read my electric bill: Delivery charges(energyprofessionals.com)** - **Customer Charge**: a fixed cost to help recover utility fixed costs of serving a customer, including meter reading, billing and administration costs. - **Distribution Energy Charge**: the cost of delivering generated power from its source to the place it is consumed. Think of this as the charge for delivering electricity from the utility's electrical substation, through power lines, to your home. This charge is tiered, based on how much electricity is consumed at one meter. In the above example, the bill owner was charged three separate rates for the distribution of electricity consumed. - **Transition Charge**: a charge that enables the utility to recover costs associated with meeting the state's legal requirements regarding the divesture of its power-generating facilities. - **Transmission Charge**: the cost to deliver electricity from power-generating facilities (natural gas, coal or nuclear power plants) to the utility's electric substations, and to the beginning of the utility's distribution system. - **Energy Conservation Charge**: a state program charge to help fund state and utility energy efficiency measures. MassSave is one of the main programs that is funded through this charge. - **Renewable Energy Charge**: a state program charge to help fund state renewable energy measures. (Side note: this is the fraction of the bill that the Utilities are inaccurately characterizing as excessive to ratepayers- which totals, on average, less than \$1 per month on your electricity bill). - **Distribution Demand Charge**: this charge only applies to commercial and industrial entities that pay time-of-use rates or have certain bill sizes. It is based on the highest 15-minute average usage recorded via the utility meter within a billing period. The more electricity you request during [peak periods](https://openei.org/wiki/Definition:Peak_Demand), the higher your demand charge can be.** ** **Thermal Comfort** refers to the personal subjective psychological condition that an individual feel about the environment in terms of temperature. It can also be determined objectively by measuring certain factors to predict how the majority of occupants will feel. **Why is thermal comfort important?** People feeling uncomfortably hot or cold are more likely to behave unsafely. Their ability to make decisions and/or perform manual tasks deteriorates. For example: - people may take short cuts to get out of cold environments - workers might not wear personal [protective equipment (PPE)](https://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/employer/managing.htm#ppe) properly in hot environments, increasing the risks - a worker's ability to concentrate may start to drop off, which increases the risk of errors an employer should be aware of these risks and make sure the underlying reasons for these unsafe behaviors are understood and actively discouraged and prevented. **Factors influencing building Thermal Comfort** - **Air temperature** The temperature of the air surrounding the body is usually given in degrees Celsius (°C). It can be measured using thermometers but, on its own, this will not give an indication of thermal comfort. You should provide a minimum working temperature in workrooms -- usually at least 16°C or 13°C for strenuous work. There\'s no law for maximum working temperature, or when [it\'s too hot to work](https://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/employer/index.htm). This is because in many indoor workplaces high temperatures are not seasonal but created by work activity, for example in bakeries or foundries. - **Radiant temperature** Thermal radiation is the heat that radiates from a warm object. Radiant temperature will have a greater influence than air temperature on how hot the workplace will feel. Examples of radiant heat sources include: - the sun - electric fires - ovens - cookers - dryers - hot surfaces and machinery - very hot, molten materials such as metals or glass - **Air movement and speed** The speed of air moving across a worker may help cool them if the air is cooler than the environment. This is an important factor in thermal comfort, for example: - still or stagnant air in artificially heated indoor environments may cause people to feel stuffy. It may also lead to a build-up in odour - moving air in warm or humid conditions can increase heat loss through convection without any change in air temperature - physical activity also increases air movement, so it can be corrected to account for a person\'s work - small air movements in cool or cold environments may be perceived as a draught as people are particularly sensitive to these movements - **Humidity** Humidity in indoor environments can vary greatly. It may depend on whether there are drying processes (in paper mills, laundries etc) where steam is given off. High-humidity environments have a lot of vapour in the air, which prevents sweat evaporating. In hot environments, humidity is important because less sweat evaporates when humidity is high (over 80%). Sweat evaporating is the main method of heat reduction. When workers are wearing certain personal protective equipment (PPE), it may increase the effects of humidity. - **Clothing/PPE insulation** A comfortable working temperature very much depends on the insulating effect of clothing. When workers are wearing non-breathable, vapour-impermeable [personal protective equipment (PPE)](https://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/employer/managing.htm#ppe), for example asbestos or chemical protection suits, the humidity inside it increases because the sweat cannot evaporate. Wearing too much clothing or PPE may be a primary cause of [heat stress](https://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/employer/heat-stress.htm) even if the environment is not considered warm or hot. In cold conditions, if clothing does not provide enough insulation, the wearer may be at risk from [cold stress](https://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/employer/cold-stress.htm) and suffer injuries such as frostbite or hypothermia. - **Work rate and metabolic heat** The impact of work rate on thermal comfort is critical because physical activity creates more body heat. Always take a person\'s physical characteristics into account when considering their thermal comfort. Factors such as their size and weight, age and fitness level can all have an impact on how they feel, even if other factors such as air temperature, humidity and rate of air movement are all constant. **Heating and Cooling System** A. **[Heating Equipment]** - means any equipment designed, used, and intended to be used to supply heat for a structure. A heating system is a mechanism for maintaining temperatures at an acceptable level; by using thermal energy within a home, office, or other dwelling. Typically, these systems are a crucial part of an HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system. - **Heat Pumps** - Heat pumps are efficient systems because they do both the cooling and the heating for your home all in one. In the warmer months, heat pumps take heat out of the air in the building/house and vent it outside. In the cooler months heat pumps take warmth from the outside and pump it into the house. Almost all heat pumps distribute warm or cool air through forced-air delivery systems, aka ductwork in the building/house a. Air sourced heat pumps operate as their name suggests and they draw their heat from the air outside during the cool months and move it inside.  b. Ground sourced heat pumps use the heat from the earth below your home and as this is more stable temperature wise ground sourced heat pumps are more efficient. - **A furnace**- To generate heat, furnaces burn oil or gas, referred to as a heater or boiler in British English, is an appliance used to generate heat for all or part of a building. Furnaces are mostly used as a major component of a central heating system. - **Space Heaters** - Electric **space heaters** are similar to gas **space heaters**, except that they run on electricity instead of gas. - **Radiant heating** systems supply heat directly to the floor or to panels in the wall or ceiling of a house/building. it is often called radiant floor heating or simply floor heating. - **Geothermal heat pumps** use the earth\'s constant temperature to heat and cool buildings. Geothermal heat pumps transfer heat from the ground (or water) into buildings during the winter and reverse the process in the summer. - **Baseboard heaters**, also referred to as electric heat, are another warming system option. It usually installed underneath windows. There, the heater\'s rising warm air counteracts falling cool air from the cold window glass. - **A boiler** is a closed vessel in which fluid is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including water heating, central heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation. B. **[Cooling Equipment]** means equipment or machinery designed to regulate the temperature of the interior of Equipment. cooling system, apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or device from exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. - A **fan** is equipment with blades rotated by a motor, which produces constant airflow. The **fan** is used for blowing the air through the radiator tubes - **Air-condition** -- air conditioning is that process used to create and maintain certain temperature, relative humidity and air purity conditions in indoor spaces. This process is typically applied to maintain a level of personal comfort. - **Evaporative cooler -** is a device that cools air through the evaporation of water. - **Chillers** -- Providing a wide range of capacities and refrigerant options, **chillers** can be used in different air-conditioning and process cooling applications. -  **Cooling tower -** is a device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a coolant stream, usually a water stream, to a lower temperature. **What is HVAC?** - HVAC is an acronym that stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning **What Is the Importance of HVAC Systems in Hotels?** It is known to all hoteliers that for a hotel to be a preferred choice for most people despite the reason for their stay, it must provide satisfactory experiences for guests by fulfilling their needs and wants and providing a comfortable and enjoyable stay. Success in the hospitality industry means equipping hotels with the proper HVAC systems, leisure spaces and activities, modern decors, convenient interiors and fine restaurants. **[The Importance of HVAC Systems in Hotels]** Efficient HVAC systems in hotels ensure your guests have all the following: - **Hot Sanitary Water -  ensuring the guests have hot water in their rooms as well as in pools, shower rooms, the gym and any other facilities you have as part of your hotel experience.** - **The Right Room Temperature - The room temperature makes or breaks the quality of your guests\' stay. They won\'t be pleased if they\'re cold during winter or hot during summer. The right HVAC system sets the right room temperature for rooms, conference areas, halls, reception areas, fitness facilities and every other corner of your hotel.** - **Ventilation** - Room temperature is one thing, but ventilation is another. Your guest rooms and all other hotel facilities need to be well ventilated and odour-free all the time with a flowing supply of fresh air. - **Managing Big Events - It is no surprise that hotels host big events for different types of corporations and organizations that can last for a few hours or a few days at a time.\ These events require different large spaces, which have their own demanding requirements when it comes to heating, air conditioning and ventilation.\ A conference room or a hall that is not heated, air-conditioned or ventilated well, will make the guests\' stay unpleasant, especially since such events usually host a large crowd at the same time.** - **Low Noise:** Your guests will enjoy the right room temperature and fresh air in their quiet rooms. **Lighting design** is the process via which lighting is made an integral part of the building\'s architecture. Good lighting design is integrated both into the architectural concept of the building and its structure. **Lighting Designs and Consideration** Lighting levels are a vital component of any workspace, as they can influence productivity, focus and the opinions of guests and staff. Lights can make or break the productivity of an entire office, and if your building is still running on outdated, harsh or inadequate lighting, you may be giving off the wrong impression to your visitors. Your lighting influences the face of a company, and if you want people to see you as a modern, progressive business, you need lighting design concepts that reflect those values. - **Light Distribution and Brightness** - From the workers\' perspective, poor lighting at work can lead to eye-strain, fatigue, headaches, stress and accidents. On the other hand, too much light can also cause safety and health problems such as "glare" headaches and stress. Both can lead to mistakes at work, poor quality and low productivity. - **Energy Conservation** - Changing bulb types to more efficient LEDs can be one of the best ways to save energy, which is good for both the environment and your bottom line. LED stands for light-emitting diodes, and they work through a process called electroluminescence, which generates light as an electric current pass through a semiconductor material. a. **More efficient:** LEDs can use anywhere from 25 to 80% less energy than their incandescent counterparts. These savings offer significant reductions in operational costs. b. **Longer lasting:** LED lights also save money through replacements. They can last up to 25 times longer than traditional incandescents, which also reduces maintenance needs. c. **Cooler:** With a lower heat output, these lights are safer and help you maintain your desired temperature without added warmth. d. **Dimmable:** Colors are varied and flexible, allowing for lighting fixtures that can adapt to your needs. The color rendition of LED bulbs is excellent, so your office can look just how you intended. - **The Appearance of the Space and Luminaires** Light, both natural and artificial, is a fundamental element in architectural design, influencing not only the aesthetics of a building but also its functionality. The thoughtful integration of light can transform spaces, enhance the user experience, and contribute to the sustainability of a structure. Lighting design types should be aesthetically pleasing and match the feel of the office space. Luminaires refer to different light fixtures and include recessed fixtures, direct and indirect pendants, under-cabinet lighting, wall wash lights, sconces, and task lighting, among others. Effective luminaire combinations can create expertly lit areas. - **Glare -** is a visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness in the field of view. It is produced by brightness in the visual field that is so much greater than the brightness to which the eyes can handle. Glare ends up limiting a person\'s ability to distinguish details and objects. a. **Direct glare** refers to the view of a light, typically in high contrast to its surroundings. Lamps and sunlight can cause it. b. **Reflective glare** means you'll need to consider the surface colors in the room as well as the diffusion of the light. Matte walls and surfaces may help to reduce reflection glare, a little more challenging to deal with, as it comes from items work with, like glossy paper, desks, and computer screens. Creating glare-free workspaces is a complicated undertaking, but experts are well-versed in this task and can make necessary suggestions. Glare control is particularly important in an office environment, as it can distract people from their work in a place where focus is vital. - **The Appearance of Color** - If you ask people what color a lightbulb emits, many of them will say "white," but there is actually much more to the color of light than that. White light has a color temperature measured in Kelvins. The Kelvin scale measures black body radiation. Oddly enough, what we consider to be warm colors, like reddish hues, are lower in temperatures, and cool colors, such as blue, are higher in temperature. Below is the typical range of color temperatures. a. Warm: 2700K to 3500K. This range would include the color of a sunset. b. Neutral: Around 4000K. c. Cool: Above 4700K. This color resembles a bright, sunny day. These different color temperatures can have varying physiological effects on people. - Warm lights, for instance, are cozier, and often make people eat more, so they are used in restaurants, but could also work well in a break room or lobby.  - Cool colors, on the other hand, mimic natural daylight more closely. -  **Lighting Control and Flexibility** - With a comprehensive lighting system, the need to control a little more than a light switch is needed. By using smart options with motion sensors or automatic responses. Many modern systems can work wirelessly, which is especially beneficial for retrofitting or for buildings with hard-to-wire areas. Wireless controls can be placed almost anywhere and moved or expanded as needed. - One common lighting control method is to install occupancy sensors that will automatically turn on your lights when employees are present. This approach saves energy since it turns off when not in use and even offers hands-free activation. - **Cost of Implementation** - Some of the costs involved include: - Equipment - Installation - Design - Maintenance - Energy - Environment - **Maintenance** - The need to maintain it properly. For some light options, maintenance is no more complicated than taking out a bulb and replacing it once it has become dim or gone out. Others require the expertise of specially trained professionals, including IT personnel and electricians, to care for them correctly. **Energy conservation opportunities** a. Switch to Energy-efficient Lighting - By replacing conventional incandescent bulbs with long-lasting and energy-efficient CFL lamps and LED lamps, facility managers can significantly reduce energy consumption. Both CFLs and LEDs use [70-75% less energy](https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/light_bulbs/learn_about_cfls) than incandescent bulbs b. Reduce Plug Loads - Computers, monitors, networking devices, and office electronics contribute to significant plug loads in commercial buildings, the most effective approach is to completely turn off the equipment after work hours. c. Install Energy-efficient Blinds and Shades - Heat gain or heat loss through windows can trigger HVAC systems to work harder. Interior window coverings such as insulated cellular shades, window quilts, roller and roman shades, louvered blinds, window films, curtains, and drapes reduce heat gains during summer and [heat loss during the colder months](https://www.buildingsiot.com/blog/how-to-reduce-commercial-energy-usage-in-the-winter-months-bd).  d. Automate HVAC Functions - HVAC systems should be a top target of energy conservation tips in commercial buildings. Reducing airflow rates through variable-air volume boxes (VAV) can [reduce energy consumption by 7%](https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/report-delves-impacts-commercial-building-controls-energy-savings), and limiting heating and cooling to the hours a building is most likely occupied can result in 6% energy savings. e. Implement Predictive Maintenance - Predictive maintenance is conducted and executed by AI to improve productivity and efficiency. For example, since the AI can predict when a machine will break down, it can plan maintenance efforts where they are needed, effectively reducing long-term repair costs. **Prelim** **Wastewater management is an important approach to protect [water resources](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/water-resources) and it is defined as the collection, treatment, and reuse of wastewater. In wastewater collection network as one of important infrastructures, undesirable performance can lead to different problems. Also, [wastewater treatment](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/wastewater-treatment) is a process that depends on different physical and chemical issues and therefore the prediction of factors in [wastewater treatment plants](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/waste-water-treatment-plant) is so essential. ** **Water usage in the Lodging Industry** ***Hospitality facilities in general, and hotels in particular, consume a lot of water. In fact, a single room can consume between 60,000 and 220,000 liters per year. From an economic point of view, this means not only having high water costs, but also energy costs. Therefore, consumption must be a priority for the hotel design and it can be controlled through the implementation of actions aimed at reducing waste.*** **Water scarcity affects more than 40 per cent of the global population and is projected to rise.^1^ Water is now such a critical issue that it is ranked in the top five global risks.^2^ A quarter of the world's population face "extremely high" levels of water stress, and this leaves them highly vulnerable to the impact of drought or increases in water use.^3^** **A hotel can use an average of 1,500 litres per room per day which can vastly exceed that of local populations in water-scarce destinations.^4^ In some locations, tourism uses over eight times more water per person on average than the local population.^5^** **6 Ways to Reduce Water Consumption in Hotels** a. **Establish a Water Management Plan - Put procedures in place to train and inform housekeeping on reducing water usage including not to leave taps running, how often to flush toilets when cleaning and using a mop rather than a hose when cleaning floors.** b. **Minimize water usage from Bathrooms - Low flow bathroom features can reduce water usage by as much as 30%. Aerated shower heads and low flow toilets are becoming more and more economical.  ** c. **Minimize water usage from Laundry Services - Post your policies regarding towel placement and laundering clearly. Many hotel guests have become respectful of requesting laundry service only when necessary. Educate employees on the optimum number and size of machine loads.** d. **Minimize water usage from Swimming Pools - Swimming pools can increase freshwater consumption by up to 10%. If you have showers near the pool area, consider installing push-button showers to reduce water usage.** e. **Minimize water usage from Landscaping - Many hotel landscapes are filled with turf grass and non-native plants requiring expensive and water-wasteful irrigation systems. Consider landscaping with native species that have adapted to their environment and require less human intervention.** **Also, consider rainwater collection. Thoughtful roof design and gutter placement can yield additional water for irrigation and other uses.** f. ** Install Water Efficiency Systems - Research graywater strategies (wastewater generated by laundry, dishwashing, bathing, etc.) If treated properly, gray water can be repurposed for irrigation and toilet flushing reducing the usage of potable fresh water. Graywater systems can enable up to 50% of wastewater to be returned to the hotel after treatment.** **[Water quality](https://sinay.ai/en/maritime-glossary/water-quality/) refers to the condition and characteristics of water that determine its suitability for various uses and the health of aquatic ecosystems. It encompasses the chemical, physical, and biological properties of water and the presence of contaminants and pollutants. Monitoring and maintaining good [water quality](https://sinay.ai/en/maritime-glossary/water-quality/) is crucial for human health, ecosystem sustainability, and the overall well-being of communities.** **Indicators of Water Quality to Monitor in the Hospitality Industry** **There are several key indicators of water quality that should be monitored in the hospitality industry, including:** - **pH levels: A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water. Water that is too acidic or too alkaline can cause skin irritation and other health problems.** - **[Total Dissolved Solids](https://olympianwatertesting.com/total-dissolved-solids-in-drinking-water/) (TDS): Refers to the total amount of minerals, salts, and other substances in water. High levels of [TDS](https://olympianwatertesting.com/aquawiki/tds/how-to-choose-the-right-total-dissolved-solids-testing-kit-for-your-needs/) can affect the taste, odor, and appearance of water.** - **Chlorine levels: Used to disinfect water and kill harmful bacteria. However, too much chlorine can cause skin irritation and other health problems.** - **Bacteria levels: Harmful bacteria such as E. coli and Legionella can cause serious illnesses, so it is important to regularly [test water for bacteria](https://olympianwatertesting.com/e-coli-and-total-coliform/).** - **Heavy metals: Heavy metals such as lead and copper can leach into water from pipes and other sources. High levels of heavy metals can cause serious health problems.** **Incorporating Water Quality Monitoring into Daily Operations** **Water quality monitoring can be incorporated into the daily operations of hotels and resorts in several ways, including:** - **Regular testing: [Regular testing of water quality](https://olympianwatertesting.com/water-testing/) should be carried out to ensure that water is safe for guests to use. This can be done using a range of testing equipment, including pH meters, TDS meters, and bacteria testing kits.** - **Employee training: Employees should be trained on the [importance of water quality](https://olympianwatertesting.com/aquawiki/copper/the-importance-of-regular-copper-testing-in-public-health-and-environmental-protection/) and how to carry out regular testing. This can include training on the use of testing equipment, as well as how to interpret test results and take action if necessary.** - **Standard operating procedures: Hotels and resorts should develop standard operating procedures for [water quality](https://olympianwatertesting.com/how-to-interpret-your-water-ph-test-results/) monitoring, including regular testing schedules and protocols for responding to poor water quality results.** - **Equipment maintenance: Regular maintenance of [water treatment and testing](https://olympianwatertesting.com/water-testing-services-williamsburg-brooklyn-ny/) equipment is essential to ensure that it is working correctly and producing accurate results.** **Water discharges means water discharges from agricultural, industrial, and commercial operations, wastewater treatment plants, or residential properties.** **Sewage (or domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced from a community of people. It is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper).** **Types of Water Heaters** - **[Conventional storage water heaters](https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/storage-water-heaters) offer a ready reservoir (storage tank) of hot water which is adequate for everyday use. However, there are some instances, such as when more than one use for hot water is occurring or when there are guests in the home, increasing the requirements for hot water.** - **[Tankless or demand-type water heaters](https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/tankless-or-demand-type-water-heaters) heat water directly without the use of a storage tank. This type of water heater is designed to provide an adequate supply of hot water without running out when adequately sized.** - **[Heat pump water heaters](https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-water-heaters) move heat from one place to another instead of generating heat directly for providing hot water, resulting in high efficiencies and significant cost savings.** - **[Solar water heaters](https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/solar-water-heaters) use the sun\'s heat to provide hot water and also save money on energy bills.** - **[Tankless coil and indirect water heaters](https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/tankless-coil-and-indirect-water-heaters) use a home\'s space heating system to heat water.** **Water Recreation** **Many Hotel and resorts are incorporating impressive water features into their list of offerings. As with any space on a property, these recreational water settings are designed to deliver a consistent guest experience. With the right design elements and attraction mix, a property can blend and balance the best of both waterparks and luxury amenities** - **Design for the Overall Guest Experience - Any resort setting should reflect the guest experience the property is aiming to create. Incorporating spaces for fun and relaxation as well as retail, food and beverage, exit and entry points, service accessibility, and guest flow are all key factors that affect the overall guest experience. These should be considered as fundamental components in design from the onset. Also analyze the size and intimacy of the space, the capacity during any given time period, and the target demographic.** - **Achieve (and Exceed) Brand Expectations - Hoteliers must carefully consider three things when designing recreational water settings to fit a brand*: physical appearance, attractions and amenities*, and operational logistics. So much more than just adding a pool or waterslide, recreational water settings must be designed and built specifically to meet guest expectations and create an environment that effectively communicates the brand experience.** - **Optimize Operations - Think beyond the edge of the pool when it comes to creating resort waterfront settings. In terms of capacity, can the property incorporate more entertainment or buy-out venues into the initial design by adding deck, outdoor F&B areas, or multi-level structures to maximize limited available space? Also consider accessibility---how will both guests and staff access everything from showers and parking to kitchens? Lastly, plan for guest flow. Create circulation paths that direct the flow of guests through the property, taking into consideration changing landscapes, decking areas, and attractions and making it easier for people to move around and be "directed" past key revenue generating venues.** - **Plan for All Guests - Water is a key driver of sales and revenue, and although children have a great deal of influence in selecting family vacation destinations, parents are looking for a fun and relaxing experience tailored to their needs as well. recreational water settings can be designed to appeal to guests of every age, leading to an increase in length of stay and more time spent on property.** - **Consider How It All Comes Together - When beginning to think beyond the edge of the pool about a creative water solution for a property, consider how all the elements---feel and capacity of the space, operational flow, revenue-generating amenities, architecture, and landscaping---come together to build value and appeal. From attraction mix to leisure amenities, a resort's recreational water setting is all about providing the ultimate vacation destination, bringing guests back time and time again, to stay, play, and spend.** [**https://lodgingmagazine.com/designing-recreational-water-settings-for-hotels-five-factors-for-success/**](https://lodgingmagazine.com/designing-recreational-water-settings-for-hotels-five-factors-for-success/) **Module 4: Electrical System** **Prelim** **Basic knowledge of electrical system** **A basic electrical circuit is simple -- it consists of a power source, connected by a conductor to a load device, and controlled by a switch, allowing the flow of electrons to power a load.** **An electrical system is an object made up of various electrical components that allow for transporting electrical energy for a particular purpose. Phones, computers, and electrical power grids are all electrical systems. The two quantities that we will always see across any type of electrical system are current and voltage, which allows for electrical energy to be generated.** **An electrical system is a broad term used to describe an object made up of various electrical components that allow transporting of electrical energy for a particular purpose.** **Electrical Current - An electrical current in a circuit is the net motion of electrons flowing through the wires due to the presence of an electrical force.** **Voltage describes the "pressure" that pushes electricity. The amount of voltage is indicated by a unit known as the volt (V), and higher voltages cause more electricity to flow to an electronic device.** **The voltage across two points in a circuit causes the electrical current to flow in a wire.** **Parts of an Electrical System** - **Resistor is a passive electrical component that creates resistance in the flow of electric current.** - **Capacitor - is a device that stores [electrical energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy) by accumulating [electric charges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge) on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other. The capacitor was originally known as the condenser, a term still encountered in a few compound names, such as the [*condenser microphone*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_microphone). It is a [passive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)) [electronic component](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component) with two [terminals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)).** - **Inductor is defined as a passive component that is used in most electrical circuits to store energy in the form of magnetic energy when electric current flows through it. It is also known as the coil, choke, or reactor. It is a two-terminal electrical component that is characterized by its inductance.** **Purpose: An inductor has the functions of developing electromotive force in the direction that reduces fluctuation when a fluctuating current flow and storing electric energy as magnetic energy.** **Electrical system design and operating standard** **Electrical design standards are sets of rules, specifications, and best practices that ensure the safety, efficiency, and reliability of electrical systems and equipment. Different industries have different electrical design standards, depending on their specific needs, applications, and regulations. ** **Electrical System Design** - **Electrical design that is well-structured is essential for both building and human safety. Design software offers a rapid way to plan and execute effective electrical installations.** - **The process of organizing and recording the building of a power system is known as electrical system design. Everything from the initial feasibility study to the completed set of construction plans is contained in this. A well-designed electrical system is safe, simple to set up, and follows all applicable regulations. Additionally, it considers the requirements of the project.** **Key Components of Electrical System Design** **The distribution of electricity, safety, and the smooth functioning of different electrical components are all handled by these systems. Factors including load distribution, voltage needs, safety regulations, and future scalability are all considered while designing an electrical system.** 1. **Load Analysis: It involves conducting thorough load analyses to determine the electrical requirements of a facility. This involves figuring out how much electricity certain devices and systems require to make sure the electrical infrastructure is suitable in size and able to manage the expected load without sacrificing effectiveness or security.** 2. **Power Distribution: Efficient power distribution is paramount in any industrial setting. It takes skill to develop complex power distribution systems that optimize the flow of energy, reduce losses, and follow industry guidelines. Their designs minimize downtime and increase ultimate productivity by ensuring a steady supply of electricity for all essential components.** 3. **Safety Measures: Safety is a top priority in electrical systems design, they help implement security measures that enable in reduction of the dangers connected with electrical systems. It is achieved by conducting fault analysis and conforming to international regulations.** 4. **Automation and Control Systems: In the era of Industry 4.0, automation plays a pivotal role in enhancing productivity and efficiency. It helps facilitate the management and administration across a range of operations. This is possible by incorporating advanced control and automation technologies into their electrical blueprints. This lowers maintenance costs and downtime by facilitating predictive maintenance and enhancing operational management.** **Electrical System Design Process** - **Define the Scope and objectives: The initial phase of crafting electrical systems for intricate projects involves clearly outlining the project's scope and objectives. It would comprise determining the electrical system's aim, function, and efficiency needs while keeping the budget, timeframe, and quality standards in mind. More so it is also important to specify the duties of user's partners and beneficiaries.** - **Conduct a Site Survey and Analysis: Following the scope definition, the next step in designing electrical systems for complex projects is conducting a thorough site survey and analysis. This entails physically visiting the construction site to gather pertinent data on existing infrastructure, resources, and limits. Evaluations of load distribution and demand, environmental and safety considerations, potential difficulties and hazards, and power supply availability and dependability are all included in the assessment. ** - **Develop a Conceptual Design: - This call for creating and assessing a range of design options that are in line with the objectives and scope of the project. It is necessary to consider elements that are technological, economic, social, and environmental. To show and contrast design options, a variety of tools are used, such as models, simulations, computations, diagrams, and sketches. To make sure that users' and beneficiaries' wants and preferences are considered during the design process, feedback from these groups is essential.** - **Prepare a Detailed Design: - This entails selecting and documenting the design solution that best fits the goals and scope of the project. Comprehensive specifications are provided for the parts, supplies, machinery, layout, connections, wiring, controls, protection, and testing. Drawings, specifications, deadlines, and estimates enable getting the necessary permissions, licenses, and approvals from the proper authorities.** - **Implement and Monitor the Design: - Plans, specifications, standards, and laws are followed when building, installation, and integration operations are coordinated and supervised. It is essential to manage time, assets, quality, and safety effectively. There is continued cooperation and communication with vendors, subcontractors, and other project team members. Adjustments and corrections are made possible by keeping an eye on and managing difficulties, performance, and progress.** - **Test and Commission the System: The final step in designing electrical systems for complex projects is testing and commissioning. This entails confirming and validating that the electrical system satisfies the project's goals and scope and operates as anticipated. A range of examinations, assessments, and measurements are carried out to detect any flaws, mistakes, or departures from the blueprint.** [**https://www.rishabheng.com/blog/industrial-electrical-system-design/**](https://www.rishabheng.com/blog/industrial-electrical-system-design/) **Importance of Electrical System Design in Electric Engineering** **What is Electric Engineering?** **Electrical engineering is the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. In simple terms, it is about understanding how electricity works in order to use the knowledge for engineering applications.** **Electrical Engineering is seen as one of the newer branches of engineering which goes back to the 19^th^ century. Electrical Engineer looks a wide range of devices, systems and components, this can also range from microchips to huge power station generators. There were many different pioneers in electrical engineering:** - **[Thomas Edison](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=thomas+edison&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGI0-MUoHpCZn5eaWlSskJ-mkJqTmlxSlJmcWVL5i4kj3tUvxDMkMn4DC-MrFi4uDv1cfQPzpJJKOMekqsQAzjG0TKuCc0xTDIHKOLnYQZwy8zyEFmOTXATHwLgCrirbHMmsCpN0OCfFOK_oFQs3FyeIY2RibIiQMizMBhogIiQUnpmTk5mYqxBckpiXk1qp4AXUIQ1RY1RclizE75pSnpmn4FiUW1xSlJ8HNIFfiNetKDEvWyG4oCgxvTQVYYOxWW4F3AZj0wKge3m4uMBSZqaF2WkIuYyMErg2w1zDFAuwsSEZ-bmJxQq-pUVFiZWLWHlLIPzUlMzi_LxbbJIM3U97jK1ijvmLrLjwLeep95pCnslLcyVWTJnEgSsyAD58XF2sAQAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABDvAQ) born February 11, 1847** - **[Nikola Tesla](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=nikola+tesla&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGI0_sUoHpCZn5eaWlSskJ-mkJqTmlxSlJmcWVL5i4kj3tUvxDMkMn4DC-MrFi4uDv1cfQPzpJJKOMekqsQAzjG0TKuCc0xTDIHKOLnYQZwy8zyEFmOTXATHwLgCrirbHMmsCpN0OCfFOK_oFQs3FyeIY2RibIiQMizMBhogIiQUnpmTk5mYqxBckpiXk1qp4AXUIQ1RY1RclizE75pSnpmn4FiUW1xSlJ8HNIFfiNetKDEvWyG4oCgxvTQVYYOxWW4F3AZj0wKge3m4uMBSZqaF2WkIuYyMErg2w1zDFAuwsSEZ-bmJxQq-pUVFiZWLWHnyMrPzcxIVSlKLcxJvsUkydD_tMbaKOeYvsuLCt5yn3msKeSYvzZVYMWUSB664AAC2nBdAqwEAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABCoAg) born July 10, 1856** - **[Guglielmo Marconi](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=guglielmo+marconi&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGIyNPvFKB6QmZ-XmlpUrJCfppCak5pcUpSZnFlS-YuJI97VL8QzJDJ-AwvjKxYuLg79XH0D86SSSjjHpKrEAM4xtEyrgnNMUwyByji52EGcMvM8hBZjk1wEx8C4Aq4q2xzJrAqTdDgnxTiv6BULNxcniGNkYmyIkDIszAYaICIkFJ6Zk5OZmKsQXJKYl5NaqeAF1CENUWNUXJYsxO-aUp6Zp-BYlFtcUpSfBzSBX4jXrSgxL1shuKAoMb00FWGDsVluBdwGY9MCoHt5uLjAUmamhdlpCLmMjBK4NsNcwxQLsLEhGfm5icUKvqVFRYmVi1gF00vTczJTc3LzFXITi5Lz8zJvsUkydD_tMbaKOeYvsuLCt5yn3msKeSYvzZVYMWUSB64IAQCTLyejsQEAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABCNAQ) born April 25, 1874** - **[Alessandro Volta](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=alessandro+volta&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGI0-cUoHpCZn5eaWlSskJ-mkJqTmlxSlJmcWVL5i4kj3tUvxDMkMn4DC-MrFi4uDv1cfQPzpJJKOMekqsQAzjG0TKuCc0xTDIHKOLnYQZwy8zyEFmOTXATHwLgCrirbHMmsCpN0OCfFOK_oFQs3FyeIY2RibIiQMizMBhogIiQUnpmTk5mYqxBckpiXk1qp4AXUIQ1RY1RclizE75pSnpmn4FiUW1xSlJ8HNIFfiNetKDEvWyG4oCgxvTQVYYOxWW4F3AZj0wKge3m4uMBSZqaF2WkIuYyMErg2w1zDFAuwsSEZ-bmJxQq-pUVFiZWLWAUSc1KLixPzUoryFcryc0oSb7FJMnQ_7TG2ijnmL7Liwrecp95rCnkmL82VWDFlEgeu-AAAZomVda8BAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABC7Ag) born February 18, 1745** **The electric battery was invented by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. This invention provided the first source of continuous current. The word voltage comes from Volta\'s name; the volt, a unit of measurement regarding the strength of an electric current, was named in his honor in 1881.** - **[Benjamin Franklin](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=benjamin+franklin&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGI0-sUoHpCZn5eaWlSskJ-mkJqTmlxSlJmcWVL5i4kj3tUvxDMkMn4DC-MrFi4uDv1cfQPzpJJKOMekqsQAzjG0TKuCc0xTDIHKOLnYQZwy8zyEFmOTXATHwLgCrirbHMmsCpN0OCfFOK_oFQs3FyeIY2RibIiQMizMBhogIiQUnpmTk5mYqxBckpiXk1qp4AXUIQ1RY1RclizE75pSnpmn4FiUW1xSlJ8HNIFfiNetKDEvWyG4oCgxvTQVYYOxWW4F3AZj0wKge3m4uMBSZqaF2WkIuYyMErg2w1zDFAuwsSEZ-bmJxQq-pUVFiZWLWAWTUvOyEnOBtqeB7MvJzLvFJsnQ_bTH2CrmmL_Iigvfcp56rynkmbw0V2LFlEkcuCIEAC37aCuwAQAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABCVAg) born January 17, 1706** **Lightning rod (1750) Flexible catheter (1752) 24-hour, three-wheel clock that was much simpler than other designs of the day (1757) Glass armonica, a simple musical instrument made of spinning glass (1762)** - **[Michael Faraday](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=michael+faraday&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGI0_MUoHpCZn5eaWlSskJ-mkJqTmlxSlJmcWVL5i4kj3tUvxDMkMn4DC-MrFi4uDv1cfQPzpJJKOMekqsQAzjG0TKuCc0xTDIHKOLnYQZwy8zyEFmOTXATHwLgCrirbHMmsCpN0OCfFOK_oFQs3FyeIY2RibIiQMizMBhogIiQUnpmTk5mYqxBckpiXk1qp4AXUIQ1RY1RclizE75pSnpmn4FiUW1xSlJ8HNIFfiNetKDEvWyG4oCgxvTQVYYOxWW4F3AZj0wKge3m4uMBSZqaF2WkIuYyMErg2w1zDFAuwsSEZ-bmJxQq-pUVFiZWLWPlzM5MzElNzFNISixJTEitvsUkydD_tMbaKOeYvsuLCt5yn3msKeSYvzZVYMWUSB67oAAAG5RbBrgEAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABCCAg) born September 22, 1791** **Faraday created the first transformer in August 1831. A few months later he designed and made this simple piece of apparatus based on his ring, developing the first-ever electric generator.** - **[Alexander Graham Bell](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=alexander+graham+bell&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGI0_8UoHpCZn5eaWlSskJ-mkJqTmlxSlJmcWVL5i4kj3tUvxDMkMn4DC-MrFi4uDv1cfQPzpJJKOMekqsQAzjG0TKuCc0xTDIHKOLnYQZwy8zyEFmOTXATHwLgCrirbHMmsCpN0OCfFOK_oFQs3FyeIY2RibIiQMizMBhogIiQUnpmTk5mYqxBckpiXk1qp4AXUIQ1RY1RclizE75pSnpmn4FiUW1xSlJ8HNIFfiNetKDEvWyG4oCgxvTQVYYOxWW4F3AZj0wKge3m4uMBSZqaF2WkIuYyMErg2w1zDFAuwsSEZ-bmJxQq-pUVFiZWLWEUTc1IrEvNSUosU0osSM4COTErNybnFJsnQ_bTH2CrmmL_Iigvfcp56rynkmbw0V2LFlEkcuCIFAEThdqa0AQAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABD0Ag) born March 3, 1847** **In 1876, at the age of 29, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. In 1877, he formed the Bell Telephone Company, and in the same year married Mabel Hubbard and embarked on a yearlong honeymoon in Europe.** - **[Edwin Armstrong](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=edwin+howard+armstrong&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGIyNP7FKB6QmZ-XmlpUrJCfppCak5pcUpSZnFlS-YuJI97VL8QzJDJ-AwvjKxYuLg79XH0D86SSSjjHpKrEAM4xtEyrgnNMUwyByji52EGcMvM8hBZjk1wEx8C4Aq4q2xzJrAqTdDgnxTiv6BULNxcniGNkYmyIkDIszAYaICIkFJ6Zk5OZmKsQXJKYl5NaqeAF1CENUWNUXJYsxO-aUp6Zp-BYlFtcUpSfBzSBX4jXrSgxL1shuKAoMb00FWGDsVluBdwGY9MCoHt5uLjAUmamhdlpCLmMjBK4NsNcwxQLsLEhGfm5icUKvqVFRYmVi1jFUsFWZ-SXJxalKCTCXHCLTZKh-2mPsVXMMX-RFRe-5Tz1XlPIM3lprsSKKZM4cMUKACIigiy2AQAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegQIABBX) born December 18, 1890** **Edwin Howard Armstrong (December 18, 1890 -- February 1, 1954) was an American electrical engineer and inventor, who developed FM (frequency modulation) radio and the superheterodyne receiver system.** - **[James Clerk Maxwell](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=james+clerk+maxwell&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGI0_cUoHpCZn5eaWlSskJ-mkJqTmlxSlJmcWVL5i4kj3tUvxDMkMn4DC-MrFi4uDv1cfQPzpJJKOMekqsQAzjG0TKuCc0xTDIHKOLnYQZwy8zyEFmOTXATHwLgCrirbHMmsCpN0OCfFOK_oFQs3FyeIY2RibIiQMizMBhogIiQUnpmTk5mYqxBckpiXk1qp4AXUIQ1RY1RclizE75pSnpmn4FiUW1xSlJ8HNIFfiNetKDEvWyG4oCgxvTQVYYOxWW4F3AZj0wKge3m4uMBSZqaF2WkIuYyMErg2w1zDFAuwsSEZ-bmJxQq-pUVFiZWLWIWzEnNTixWSc1KLshVyEyvKU3NybrFJMnQ_7TG2ijnmL7Liwrecp95rCnkmL82VWDFlEgeuKAEAsCtpfrIBAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegUIABDOAg&biw=1242&bih=552&dpr=1.1) born June 13, 1831** **James Clerk Maxwell is famous for his theory of electromagnetism, a revolutionary theory on electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves, or radiation, are waves that propagate or radiate amongst the electromagnetic field and include visible light, x-rays, radio waves, gamma rays, and ultraviolet rays.** - **[Lewis Howard Latimer](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d1cdb0fd9cb38009&sca_upv=1&rlz=1C1ZKTG_enPH908PH908&cs=0&sxsrf=ADLYWIIdxgF1YKZNfiwUrNJ341moFUZW4w:1723595384215&q=lewis+howard+latimer&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOMwVGIyNPjFKB6QmZ-XmlpUrJCfppCak5pcUpSZnFlS-YuJI97VL8QzJDJ-AwvjKxYuLg79XH0D86SSSjjHpKrEAM4xtEyrgnNMUwyByji52EGcMvM8hBZjk1wEx8C4Aq4q2xzJrAqTdDgnxTiv6BULNxcniGNkYmyIkDIszAYaICIkFJ6Zk5OZmKsQXJKYl5NaqeAF1CENUWNUXJYsxO-aUp6Zp-BYlFtcUpSfBzSBX4jXrSgxL1shuKAoMb00FWGDsVluBdwGY9MCoHt5uLjAUmamhdlpCLmMjBK4NsNcwxQLsLEhGfm5icUKvqVFRYmVi1hFclLLM4sVMvLLE4tSFHISSzJzU4tusUkydD_tMbaKOeYvsuLCt5yn3msKeSYvzZVYMWUSB644AQDYn1wetAEAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6sPGUnfOHAxV50jQHHWdBG_0Q7fAIegQIABAb) born September 4, 1848** **Lewis Howard Latimer was the son of self-emancipated enslaved people, a self-taught draftsman, and contributed to the invention of the lightbulb and the telephone. Some of his own inventions are the early air conditioning unit and the railroad car bathroom.** **[The Importance of Electrical System Design]** **Electrical system is group of electrical components that are connected to carry out some operations. Electrical system design can be used as simple as flashlight cell through two wires to a light bulb or can be involved in the space shuttle. The electrical system design solves challenges which are related to design and development to ensure that they are economical, safe and reliable. This also included electrical lay-outs, lighting, earthing and voltage drop. Engineers used design for production, distribution and transportation of the electricity. You can transfer electricity into the final product whether this is home or a substation.** **Prepared by:** **Athina Flake Ochoco LPT, MBA** **CHM Faculty**