1714147536-resource_file.pdf

SS2 COMPUTER STUDIES SCHEME OF WORK Week Topics 1. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 2. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 3. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 5. ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHARTS 6. ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHARTS 7. BASIC PROGRAMMING I 8. MID TERM TEST 9. BASIC PROGRAMMING II 10. INTERNET 11. INTERNET 1...

SS2 COMPUTER STUDIES SCHEME OF WORK Week Topics 1. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 2. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 3. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 4. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 5. ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHARTS 6. ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHARTS 7. BASIC PROGRAMMING I 8. MID TERM TEST 9. BASIC PROGRAMMING II 10. INTERNET 11. INTERNET 12. ELECTRONIC MAIL 13. REVISION AND EXAMINATION WEEK 1 TOPIC: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE System: A system is an interrelated set of objects or elements which are viewed as a whole and designed to achieve a purpose e.g. business organization, school system, computer system. Characteristics of a system 1. A system must have a goal or a purpose 2. A system must be regulated 3. A system must be self-correcting 4. A system must have input/output 5. A system must receive feedback 6. A system must be open or closed 7. The parts of a system must communicate with each other. What is a System Development Cycle? Definition: The system development cycle can be defined as a series of stages involved in the development of a system. It (system development cycle) outlines the general nature of the activities involved at each stage and the sequence in which these activities should be ordered and the output from each stage. The stages of a system development cycle are as follows: i. preliminary study, ii. feasibility study, iii. investigative study, iv. Analysis, v. design, vi. implementation, vii. maintenance and viii. system review. Stages of System development cycle 1. Preliminary study: This is the first study in the system development cycle, which entails problem definition as stated by the client and interpreted by the developer. The objectives, scope and size of the project or system are clearly stated. The preliminary ideas from both the client and the developer on how the system might be developed are clearly understood by both parties. 2. Feasibility Study: The feasibility study is a precaution survey. Its purpose is to ensure that the preliminary stage works i.e. that the problem is one that can appropriately be tackled by a system development team, otherwise, the project can be abandoned at this stage before any great commitment of funds has been made. The feasibility study examines the technical, financial and organizational possibilities of the project. The feasibility study answers the following questions: Can it be done? Can we afford it? Will the proposed new system fit in with existing procedures? 3. Investigative study: This stage investigate the feasibility study It is a systematic, minute and thorough attempt to learn more about the feasibility study. 4. Analysis study: System analysis has to do with the appraisal of requirements needed for the proposed system. This involves requirement elicitation, requirement analysis, requirement definition, requirement specification and requirement validation. 5. System design: once analysis is complete, the next step is to determine how in general the problem is to be solved. 6. Implementation: During this stage, the system is physically built. The program code is written and tested, and supporting documentation is produced. 7. Maintenance: The maintenance stage starts as soon as the system is formerly handed over to the client. The term “maintenance” is often used as a euphemism for finding and correcting errors which were not detected before the system was handed over. 8. System review: After the system has been operational its necessary to do a check to ensure it is meeting client needs and adjustments made where necessary. Simple Sketch of System Development Cycle  Preliminary Study Evaluation/Study Feasibility Study Review System Maintenance Development Cycle Investigative Study Implementation Analysis Design Problems of system Development Life Cycle 1. System delimitation/boundary 2. The components of a system must communicate with each other 3. The production cost and delivery time 4. Misunderstanding of requirement definition 5. System growth and changes Assignment 1. During the analysis phase, what are the FOUR main ways of collecting information? 2. What are the SIX main tasks done by the analyst during the systems analysis stage? 3. How will the analyst decide on the size of memory and the types of input & output devices needed? 4. Interviews are an important way of gathering information during the systems analysis stage. Agree or disagree. Explain your choice. 5. Give ONE reason why a questionnaire may be better than an interview, using an example of a real-life scenario 6. Give TWO other disadvantages of interviews. 7. What is the purpose of a Data Flow Diagram? 8. In which stage of the Systems Life Cycle is a flowchart normally found? 9. Name the stages of the systems life cycle and briefly explain each one. 10. South African Motors is a car engine manufacturing company which has just started manufacturing complete cars. They are looking to sell cars throughout Africa. The factory is in East London and they have a main office in Johannesburg, where the manager, Simphiwe, organizes the day to day running of the business. The main office employs a lot of workers to produce the company payroll for all the workers in East London and for those in Johannesburg. There is also a human resources department in the main office in Johannesburg which keeps all the files on each worker. Simphiwe has decided it might be a good idea to computerize the payroll system and also the human resource department records. He has asked a systems analyst to investigate the current system and to suggest a replacement system. a) Discuss the different methods of researching the current system and suggest an appropriate method the systems analyst could use. b) What methods does the systems analyst use to collect information about the current system? c) Give the advantages and disadvantages of each method. 11. My work is to go through the books of the company I am working for in order to establish what data is inputted into the system." What research method is described above? a. Collecting Documents b. Interviews c. Observation d. Questionnaire 12. "I asked questions verbally to all the employees of the accounts department at Greensteds School, to find out how their systems work." What research method is described above? a. Questionnaires b. Interviews c. Collecting Documents d. Observation Practical assignment Prepare a presentation on the types of File organization WEEKS 3& 4 Program Development CYCLE Definition of Program A program is a set of instruction that is executed by the CPU. A program can also be defined as an organized list of instructions that, when executed causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner. Without program the computer is useless. Characteristic of a Good Program The following are characteristics of a good program. Accuracy, Extensibility, Maintainability, Efficiency, Generality, Portability Simplicity, Transferability, Reusability, Leanness, i. Accuracy: Program should be sufficiently accurate to get the desire results. ii. Extensibility: this means that you so design your program that you can add and remove element from your program without disturbing the underling structure of the program. iii. Maintainability: this is making your code easy to update iv. Efficiency: a good program should be designed to use the least amount of primary memory and the fewest devices possible. v. Generality: Design the program to be generalized and flexible, if possible vi. Portability: a good program can be moved to another environment vii. Simplicity: program logic should be as simple and as uncomplicated as possible viii. Transferability: plan the program to be as machine independent as possible. ix. Reusability: write code that will be able to be used in unrelated projects. x. Leanness: leanness means making the design with no extra parts. PRECAUTIONS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT. There are some certain precautions that one should take during the development of a program. These are i. Patience: one should not rush up the programming process, although deadlines are important but that should not be at the expense of a faulty program. ii. Step Following: all steps of program should be followed religiously without any skipping any step or there will be erroneous results. iii. Execution order: the order of execution of instructions should be followed. iv. Fresh mind: One should be sufficiently fresh to work on a program, being free of any kind of fatigue. THE PROGRAMMING DEVELOPMENT Software development can be divided into several stages as listed below 1. Problem Definition 2. Problem analysis 3. Flowcharting 4. Desk checking 5. Program coding 6. Program compilation 7. Testing/Debugging 8. Program documentation Problem Definition: This is the formal definition of task. It includes specification of inputs and outputs processing requirements, system constraint and error handling methods. Problem Analysis: this step is the process of becoming familiar with the problem that will be solved with the computer program. Flowcharting: A flow chart is a pictorial representation in which symbols are used to show the various operations and decision to be followed in solving a problem. Flow chart: depicts the logic involved in the problem solution and therefore, is a step by step sequence that the program will describe to the computer. Desk-checking: Desk checking is a manual (non-computerized) technique for checking the logic of an algorithm. Program coding: this is the process of transforming the program logic document into a computer language format. Program compilation: A compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language), with the latter often having a binary form known as object code. The process of transforming source code into object code is called compilation. Testing and debugging: This stage is the discovery and correction of programming errors. Program documentation: Comprehensive information on the capabilities, design details, features, and limitations of the program so that those who use and maintain it can understand it, so that the program can be extended to further applications. WEEK 5 & 6 Algorithm and Flowchart Algorithms are one of the four cornerstones of Computer Science. An algorithm is a plan, a set of step-by-step instructions to solve a problem. In an algorithm, each instruction is identified and the order in which they should be carried out is planned. If you can tie shoelaces, make a cup of tea, get dressed or prepare a meal then you already know how to follow an algorithm. ALTERNATIVELY Algorithm can be defined as the set of rules and sequential steps that define how a particular problem can be solved in finite and ordered sequence. Function of Algorithms An algorithm generally takes some input, carries out a number of effective steps in a finite amount of time, and produces some output. Computational Thinking In an algorithm, each instruction is identified and the order in which they should be carried out is planned. Algorithms are often used as a starting point for creating a computer program, and they are sometimes written as a flowchart or in pseudocode. If we want to tell a computer to do something, we have to write a computer program that will tell the computer, step-by-step, exactly what we want it to do and how we want it to do it. This step-by-step program will need planning, and to do this we use an algorithm. Computers are only as good as the algorithms they are given. If you give a computer a poor algorithm, you will get a poor result – hence the phrase: ‘Garbage in, garbage out.’ Algorithms are used for many different things including calculations, data processing and automation. Everyday tasks such as making tea, solving a puzzle, assembling a circuit board, tying a shoelace or packing a suitcase involve a precise set of instructions which need to be carried out in order. Making a plan It is important to plan out the solution to a problem to make sure that it will be correct. Using computational thinking and decomposition we can break down the problem into smaller parts and then we can plan out how they fit back together in a suitable order to solve the problem. This order can be represented as an algorithm. An algorithm must be clear. It must have a starting point, a finishing point and a set of clear instructions in between. There are two main ways that algorithms can be represented – pseudocode and flowcharts.  1. Representing an algorithm: Pseudocode Most programs are developed using programming languages. These languages have specific syntax that must be used so that the program will run properly. Pseudocode is not a programming language, it is a simple way of describing a set of instructions that does not have to use specific syntax. Writing in pseudocode is similar to writing in a programming language. Each step of the algorithm is written on a line of its own in sequence. Usually, instructions are written in uppercase, variables in lowercase and messages in sentence case. In pseudocode, INPUT asks a question. OUTPUT prints a message on screen. A simple program could be created to ask someone their name and age, and to make a comment based on these. This program represented in pseudocode would look like this: OUTPUT 'What is your name?' INPUT user inputs their name STORE the user's input in the name variable OUTPUT 'Hello' + name OUTPUT 'How old are you?' INPUT user inputs their age STORE the user's input in the age variable IF age >= 70 THEN OUTPUT 'You are aged to perfection!' ELSE OUTPUT 'You are a spring chicken!'  2. Representing an algorithm: Flowcharts A flowchart is a diagram that represents a set of instructions. Flowcharts normally use standard symbols to represent the different instructions. There are few real rules about the level of detail needed in a flowchart. Sometimes flowcharts are broken down into many steps to provide a lot of detail about exactly what is happening. Sometimes they are simplified so that a number of steps occur in just one step. Flowchart symbols A simple program could be created to ask someone their name and age, and to make a comment based on these. This program represented as a flowchart would look like this: There are multiple types of flowcharts including;  Process flowchart - shows the steps of a process in sequential order  Workflow chart - visualizes a workflow or actions that need to be carried out to achieve a goal  Data flow chart - represents how data is processed within a system  Swimlane flowchart - illustrates process steps along with responsible owners or departments Some standard symbols used in drawing a program flow chart are: Symbol Description Starting/Terminal symbol It is used to represent start and end Input/output symbol It is used to represent any input or output The processing symbol It is used to represent some type of data manipulation or arithmetic operation. The decision symbol It is used to represent a logical comparison operation. The direction of flow It indicate the next step in the program symbol The connector symbol: It is used when several symbols displayed at one point might cause confusion and reduce understanding.  Terminal - Shows the start or the end of the process.  Process - Process is shown as a rectangle   Decision - Shown as a diamond and usually has a question on it.  Data - Typically shown as a slanted rectangle, this shows any input or output from the process.  Swimlanes - Although not a flowchart symbol, swimlanes are useful to differentiate or highlight the ownership of the processes.  Document - To highlight if a document is generated through the process. Example 1: Draw a flow chart to print the area of a 10cm square Solution START Let Square S = 10 Print S*S Stop Ex. Input the steps in the flowchart diagram What Are Flowcharts Used for Flowcharts are used across multiple industries;  To clarify process steps or workflows and their respectful owners.   To analyze existing processes to identify inefficiencies and necessary improvements.  To collaborate on planning and designing new processes and to build a common understanding of them.  To standardize processes by allowing team members to follow a single set of steps consistently.  To train and guide new and existing employees on performing their tasks accurately. Characteristics of Algorithms Every algorithm should have the following five characteristic features 1. Input 2. Output 3. Definiteness 4. Effectiveness 5. Termination How to Create a Flowchart in Easy Steps Creating a flowchart is quite simple and requires simple understanding to make one. We will guide you through an example so that it is easier to understand. Step 1: The first step is to use the Oval Symbol to mark the start of the flowchart. Step 2: In a conventional flowchart, the parallelogram comes first as it shows the output or input. In this case, the output is recorded in step 2. Step 3: In the next step, you insert the rectangle symbol, which represents the process involved in order to get a result. Step 4: After the process is demarcated, the parallelogram is inserted again to record the input of the respective process. Step 5: This step is where we use the decision symbol or commonly known as the diamond symbol. This symbol is responsible for answering a “yes” or “no” question that is inferred by the input. The Diamond symbol also leads to two different outputs (parallelogram symbols), which record the answer to the Yes and No question. Step 6: The last step is to use the Oval Symbol again to mark the end of the flowchart. Important: The most used symbol in this entire flowchart is the arrow symbol. It links every symbol to the other and lets the Flowchart ‘flow’ through the entire process. Algorithms questions 1. What is an algorithm? a) Patterns and trends used to solve a problem  b) A set of step-by-step instructions to resolve a problem c) A programming language 2. What are algorithms used for? a) To plan out the solution to a problem b) As a platform to program a solution c) To test a solution to a problem 3. How can an algorithm be represented? a) As a flowchart b) As pseudocode c) As a flowchart or pseudocode 4. What is a flowchart? a) A diagram that represents a set of instructions b) A high-level language that has specific syntax c) A way of describing a set of instructions that doesn’t use specific syntax 5. What is the correct symbol for a process instruction in a flowchart? a) A rectangle b) A parallelogram c) A square 6. What is the correct symbol for an input in a flowchart? a) A parallelogram b) A rectangle c) A square 7. What is the correct symbol for an output in a flowchart? a) A parallelogram b) A rectangle c) A diamond 8. What links each instruction in a flowchart? a) A line b) A double line c) An arrow 9. What is the correct symbol for a decision in a flowchart? a) A rectangle b) A diamond c) A square 10. What is pseudocode? a) A high-level language that has specific syntax b) A way of describing a set of instructions that doesn’t use specific syntax  c) A diagram that represents a set of instructions Algorithm FAQ 1. What is an algorithm in simple terms? When you are telling the computer what to do, you also get to choose how it's going to do it. That's where computer algorithms come in. The algorithm is the basic technique, or set of instructions, used to get the job done. 2. What is an example of an algorithm? A recipe is one example of an algorithm since it is a finite list of instructions, although an algorithm may be more specific than a recipe.. 3. What are the three parts of an algorithm? An algorithm needs data inputs, data processing and data outputs. 4. What is the use of algorithm in computer programming? Algorithms are integral to the way computer systems process data. Most computer programs consist of algorithms that follow specific instructions to conduct a simple task. Week 7 BASIC Programming II (Built-in Functions) BASIC built in functions are predefined functions that performs a wide range of operation. A function is a structure that simplifies a complex operation into a single step. BASIC has a number of built-in functions that greatly extends its capability. They include the following: 1. SQR Function: The SQR function calculates the square root of a number. The general form of the function is SQR(X) Example: SQR(9) = 3 SQR(2) = 1.414214 2. INT Function: The INT function finds the greatest integer less than or equal to a number. The general form of the function is INT(X) Example INT(15.46) = 15 INT(-15.46) = -16 INT(15.56) = 15 INT(-15.56) = -16 3. CINT Function: CINT means Integer Conversion. This function is used to convert a number into an integer. It rounds off the number to the nearest integer value. Example CINT(15.46) = 15 CINT(-15.46) = -15 CINT(15.56) = 16 CINT(-15.56) = 16 4. Fix Function: This function truncates the number into an integer. The General form of the function is FIX (X) Example FIX(15.46) = 15 FIX(-15.46) = -15 FIX(15.56) = 15 FIX(-15.56) = -15 5. ABS Function: ABS means absolute. It is used to find the absolute value of a number. Absolute value of a number means the number without any sign. The general form of the function is ABS(X) Example ABS(+3.4) = 3.4 ABS(-3.4) = 3.4 6. RND Function: RND means random. RND is a special function that gives us a random number between 0 and 1 Example PRINT RND PRIND RND This program will print RND twice. Notice that you’ll get to numbers that appear to be unpredictable and random. But, try running the program again. You’ll get the same random numbers. 7. COS, SIN, TAN, and ATN Function The COS, SIN, TAN, and ATN trigonometric functions are used to find the Cosine, Sine, Tangent and Arctangent of a particular numeric expression. The general form is: COS(X) SIN(X) TAN(X) ATN(X) 8. MODE Function: It means remainder.This function returns the remainder. The general form of the function is X MOD Y Example: 16 MOD 5 = 1 30 MOD 5 = 0 9. SGN Function: It means sign. This returns the sign of the input number in numeric value. The general form of the function is SGN(X). Examples SGN(54) = 1 SGN(-54) = -1 SGN(0) = 0 10. EXP Function: It is used to find the natural exponent of x, where e = 2.718281828. the general form of the function is EXP(X) Example EXP(4) = 54.59815 EXP(-5) = 6.737947E-03 11. LOG Function: This function returns the natural logarithm of a numeric expression (any positive numeric expression). The syntax is LOG(X) BASIC NOTATION a. = SQR(B^2-4*A*C)/2*A b. (x-y)/(x+y) = (X-Y)/(X+Y) c. = EXP(X^2+Y)-SIN(X+N*Y) d. b=1/4ac = B = 1/4*A*C BASIC PROGRAM 1. Find the square root of numbers in a given range 10REM program to find the square root of numbers 20 INPUT “Enter the first number of range”; A 30 INPUT “ENTER the last number of range”; B 40 FOR I = A TO B 50 PRINT “the square root of “; A; “is”; SQR(A) 60 NEXT I 70 END 2. Find the Sine of unknown values 10 REM Program to find the Sine of unknown value 20 INPUT “Enter the number”; A 30 LET S = SIN(A) 40 PRINT “The Sine of”; A; “is”; S 50 END 3. Plot Cosine Graph 10 REM Program to plot cosine graph 20 SCREEN 13 30 FOR X% = 0 TO 360 40 PSET (X%, (COS(X% * 0.017453) * 50) + 50), 15 50 NEXT X% 60 END WEEK 9 Definition of Internet Internet: Internet is a worldwide network of computers that share information. It is also defined as a global system of interconnected computer networks thatuse the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. Internet Terms 1. Cyber café: An internet café or cyber café is a place which provides internet access to the public, usually for a fee. 2. Cyber space: It is the electronic medium of computer networks, in which online communication take place. 3. Download: To transfer a file from remote computer to a local computer. In other words, it means to transfer a file from a web server to a web client. 4. Upload: Transfer a file from a local computer to a remote computer. In other words, it means to transfer a file from a web client to a web server. 5. Email: E-mail is mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. 6. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP is the standard method for downloading and uploading files over the Internet. 7. Homepage or Home page: This is the first page that appears when you visit any website. It is also the page of a Web site that provides the introduction or content with links. 8. HTTP: HTTP is an abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which Web pages are transferred across the Internet. 9. URL: URL Stands for "Uniform Resource Locator." A URL is the address of a specific web page or file on the Internet. 10. World Wide Web (WWW): It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents access via the internet. It is also defined as part of the internet that contains linked text, image sound, and video documents 11. Website: A Website is a collection of World Wide Web pages or files. 12.Web page: A Web page is a single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site 13. Web server: A server is a computer that delivers web content to web browser. 14. Chat: An online text-based communication between internet users. 15. Chat room: A chat room is part of an online service that provides a venue for communities of user with common interest to communicate in real time. 16. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It is the language of the web. 17. ISP (Internet Service Provider): ISP is an organisation that provides access to the internet and web hosting. 18. Intranet: A private internet running inside a LAN 19. Browse: The term to describe a user’s movement across the web 20. Web Browser (Internet Browser): A software program used to display WebPages. It is also defined as is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing (moving through) information resources on the World Wide Web. Types of Internet Browser a. Mozilla fire fox b. Opera browser c. Microsoft Internet explorer (Microsoft edge) d. Google Chrome e. Apple Safari, etc Features of Internet Browser An internet browser has many different parts. They include: 1. Title bar: Displays the title of the open web page 2. Menu bar: The menu bar can be used to activate commands. Depending on the browser you are using, some contain the following: File, edit, view, tools, Bookmark, help, etc 3. Address Bar: An address bar is a component of an Internet browser which is used to input and show the address of a website. The web address is generally given in lowercase letters and is case insensitive. There are no spaces in a webpage or website address. 4. Status Bar: Status bar displays the status of the current page 5. Scroll Bar: This provides vertical or horizontal scrolling through the web pages. 6. Standard tool bar: Standard tool bar has many different buttons. They are explained below. a. Back: To go back to previously viewed page b. Forward: To move forward to a page which was viewed c. Stop: To halt loading of webpage. d. Refresh/Reload: To refresh the contents of the currently displayed webpage from the start e. Home: To go to the homepage of the currently viewed website. f. History: It displays a list of previously viewed website g. Print: Prints the webpage with the default printer settings. Types of Internet Services Some services provided by internet are as follows: 1. E-mail 2. Discussion group 3. Video conferencing 4. FTP 5. WWW 6. Chat 7. Downloading files 8. Uploading files 9. Telnet 10. Usenet 11. Instant message 12. Blog 13. E-commence The Benefits of Internet 1. Researching In the past, we would have to go to a library to do research. Today all of this research is done online, in the comfort of your home or office. The main concern is to be conscious of sites with faulty information 2. Buying Online Internet has brought about the easiest way of buying and selling of goods which is called e-commerce (Electronic Commerce). In e-commerce, the prospective buyer will book or register for the needed goods or services which will be delivered to them within a stipulated time. 3. Worldwide media accessibility Internet has opened up all users to worldwide media. Internet radio is accessible to anyone in the world connected to internet. 4. Online Degree The benefits of online education far outweigh any drawbacks - especially for anyone who works full time - since the logistics of driving to and from class would simply be too time consuming. Sure, there are some draw backs, such as not having face to face interaction with classmates. 5. Online Banking You can easily receive and pay your electronically with a couple of clicks. 6. Communication Information can be transmitted from one place to the other with the use internet. For example sending and receiving e-mail messages, making phone calls, audio and video conferencing, sending and receiving fax messages, chatting and instant messages etc. 7. Searching Today, we have lighting fast search engines that can give us thousands of links based on specific keywords. Electronic Mail (E-mail) Definition of Electronic Mail Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. It can also be defined as a system for sending and receiving messages electronically over a computer network. E-mail Services The following are services provided by email 1. Sending/receiving emails 2.Chatting: The exchange messages online in real time with one or more simultaneous users of a computer network 3. Task List: Task is a feature designed to help you keep track of the things you need to do. 4. Share updates, photos, videos and links. Steps to Create Email Account Follow the steps below to create email account 1. Click On a web browser 2. Visit a website that offers an email service e.g. www.gmail.com 3. Click on the Free Sign Up Button 4. Enter all mandatory fields (First Name, Last Name, Gender, etc.) 5. Click the "Accept" - Button underneath Email Address An email address is the name for an electronic postbox that can receive and send email messages on a network. Components of an Email Address 1. User Name: The user name is found on the left-most part of an email address, before the "@" symbol. 2. The "@" symbol (read as "at") is placed between the user name and domain name, without spaces or 3. Domain Name: An email address' domain is found to the right of the "@" symbol. It consists of the second- and top-level domains, separated by a dot i. Second Level Domain: the second-level domain is the name of the business, organization or Internet service provider that owns that domain. ii.Top Level Domain: Top level domain is what appears right- most in an email address after the second-level domain. Some top- level domains are generic such as.com,.net and.gov, and are referred to as gTLD or generic top-level domains. Others are country-specific such as.gov.mt (Malta), and termed ccTLD or country-code top- level domains Examples; Procedure for sending an Email 1. Log in to your email account 2. Click Compose. 3. A new blank email window will open up. In the ‘To’ box, type in the  email address of the recipient. 4. You might want to include someone else in your email to ‘keep them in the loop’. You can do this by clicking Cc or Bcc, which will open another field. ‘Cc’ means ‘carbon copy’ and ‘Bcc’ means ‘blind carbon copy’ 5. Type in the subject of the email. The subject field allows you to give the recipient an idea of the topic of your email, like a heading. 6. Type your message in the main body field of your email. 7. Email text can be formatted in a similar way to text in a word document. 8. Click the Send button at the bottom of the compose window. Steps Involved in chatting 1. Click on Contacts 2. Select the name of the person you'd like to chat with, and click the Chat link to open a chat window. 3. Enter your message in the text field, and press Enter. 4. Wait for your contact to respond! The difference between email address and website address 1. An email address has two components name; username and domain name. While the web address has only one address component, the domain name. 2. An email address is accessible to a single user, whereas a web address is accessible to all users. Advantages of Email 1. It is very fast. 2. It is secured 3. Formatted files can be shared through attachment 4. Lower cost than conventional mail