1700669006_11. dental indices.pdf

DENTAL INDICES DENA MOHAMED CPHQ, MPH, MFDRCSI, BDS Definition of dental index 01 Properties of ideal index 02 Types of indices 03 Purpose and use of index 04 Indices used in dentistry 05 OBJECTIVES Caries index DMFT 06...

DENTAL INDICES DENA MOHAMED CPHQ, MPH, MFDRCSI, BDS Definition of dental index 01 Properties of ideal index 02 Types of indices 03 Purpose and use of index 04 Indices used in dentistry 05 OBJECTIVES Caries index DMFT 06 Community periodontal index 07 CPI Definition An index is defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits, which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods Properties of ideal index Reliability It should be able to measure consistently at different times and under a variety of conditions. Validity It should accurately reflect the extent or degree to which the condition or disease is present. Properties of ideal index Clarity, simplicity and objectivity The index should be easy to apply. The criteria should be clear and simple Quantifiability The index should be able to be statistically analyzed Properties of ideal index Acceptability The use of an index should not be painful. Sensitivity The index should be able to detect reasonably small shifts Types of indices Simple index It measures the presence or absence of a condition, e.g, plaque index Cumulative index It measures all the evidence of a condition (past and present), e.g, DMFT index for dental caries Types of indices Irreversible index It measures the conditions that will not change, e.g. dental caries index Reversible index It measures conditions that can be changed or reversed, e.g, gingival index Types of indices Full mouth indices They measure the patient’s entire periodontium or dentition, e.g, Russell’s periodontal index Simplified indices It measures only representative samples of dental apparatus, e.g, Green and Vermillion’s simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) Classification according to the entity which they measure Disease index D portion of DMFT index Symptom index gingival or bleeding index Treatment index F portion of DMFT index Purpose and use of index 1. Individual assessment evaluate and monitor the progress and maintenance of oral health, monitor the healing process 2. Clinical trial determine the effect of an agent or procedure on the prevention, progression, or control of a disease 3. Community health and epidemiological survey : study the disease characteristics of population Indices used in dentistry a. Oral hygiene index b.Simplified oral hygiene index 1. Indices used in c. Modified patient hygiene performance index assessing oral d.Plaque free score index hygiene e. Plaque control record f. Oral health status index Indices used in dentistry a. Plaque component of the periodontal disease index b.Schick and Ash modification of plaque criteria 2. Indices used in c. Turseky-Gilmore-Glickman modification of the assessing plaque Quigly Hein plaque index and debris d.Plaque index e. Modified navy plaque index f. Distal mesial plaque index Indices used in dentistry a. Calculus surface index b.Calculus surface severity index 3. Indices used in c. Marginal line calculus index assessing calculus d.Calculus component of the periodontal disease index e. Probe method of calculus assessment Indices used in dentistry a. Papillary marginal attachment index b.Gingivitis component of the periodontal diseases index 4. Indices used in c. Gingival index assessing gingival d.Papillary marginal gingivitis index inflammation e. Modified gingival index f. Gingival tissue index g.Gingival pain index Indices used in dentistry a. Sulcus bleeding index b.Papillary bleeding index c. Gingival bleeding index 5. Indices used in d.Interdental bleeding index assessing gingival e. Gingival status index bleeding f. Bleeding points index g.Quantitative gingival bleeding index h.Gingival fluid flow index Indices used in dentistry a. Periodontal index b. CPITN c. CPI d. Periodontal disease index 6. Indices used in e. Gingival bone count index assessing f. Navy periodontal disease index periodontal g. Gingivitis periodontitis missing teeth index diseases h. Periodontitis severity index i. Extent and severity index j. Gingival sulcus measurement component of periodontal disease index k. Periodontal screening and recording index Indices used in dentistry a. DMFT index b. DMFS index c. def index d. root caries index e. modified DMFT index 7. Indices used in f. caries severity index assessing dental g. Czechoslovakia caries index caries h. DMF surface percentage index i. Functional measure index j. Dental health index k. WHO dentition status l. Restorative index Indices used in dentistry a. Dean’s fluorosis index b.Moller’s fluorosis index c. Chronological fluorosis assessment index 8. Indices used in d.Fluorosis risk index assessing dental e. Young’s classification fluorosis f. Murray and Shaw classification g.The FDI index h.Thylstrup Fejeskov fluorosis index i. Tooth surface index of fluorosis Indices used in dentistry a. Malalignment index b.Handicapping malocclusion assessment index c. Occlusal feature index 9. Indices used in d.Occlusal index assessing e. Index of orthodontic treatment needs malocclusion f. Norwegian index of orthodontic treatment needs g.Handicapping labiolingual deviation index h.Massler and Frankel index i. Peer assessment rating index Caries index (DMFT/ dmft) DMFT DMFT numerically expressed the caries prevalence and is obtained by calculating the number of teeth (T) which are: Decayed “D” Missing “M” Filled “F” Rules for scoring DMFT Decayed, missing, and Tooth lost or filled due to No tooth should be filled teeth should be reasons other than caries counted more than once recorded separately are not included Deciduous teeth are not A tooth with several filling considered in DMFT index is counted as one tooth Criteria for recording Decayed (D) recording When dental caries and a restoration are present on the same tooth Crown is broken due to caries Tooth with temporary restoration Initial caries is not regarded as decayed Give an indication of how much of disease is untreated Criteria for recording Missing (M) recording When a tooth has been extracted because of dental caries When a tooth is carious, cannot be restored and is indicated for extraction Gives an indication of how much the disease has been treated by extraction Criteria for recording Filled (F) recording Permanent restorations are recorded as F Gives an indication of what proportion of the decayed teeth are treated by restoration DMFT scores The sum of the three figures forms the DMFT value. For example: DMFT of 4 + 3 + 9 = 16 Means: 4 teeth are decayed, 3 teeth are missing and 9 teeth have fillings. The mean number of DMFT is the sum total of individual DMFT values divided by the sum of the population 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑀𝐹𝑇 Mean DMFT = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 DMFT scores 0.0 – 1.1 Very low 1.2 – 2.6 Low 2.7 – 4.4 Moderate 4.5 – 6.5 High > 6.6 Very high DMFT Strength of the DMFT ▪ Accepted by WHO ▪ Simple and adoptable ▪ It is historical index: it records not only current disease but also previous disease. DMFT Weakness of the DMFT The DMFT gives equal weight to all the three components. (missing, decayed and well-restored teeth) DMFT values are not related to the number of teeth at risk. DMFT score does not directly gives an indication of the intensity of attack DMFTS Weakness of the DMFT Overestimate caries experience in cases having teeth with preventive restorations. Cannot be used for root caries. Invalid when teeth have been removed or lost due to other reasons Does not assess the treatment needs of a person Community periodontal index CPI CPI It is a clinical index develops by WHO Used to asses periodontal treatment needs rather than determining post and present periodontal status CPI Indicators of periodontal status are used for assessment: CPI A specially designed lightweight CPI probe with a 0.5mm ball tip is used, with a black band between 3.5 and 5.5 mm and rings at 8.5mm and 11.5mm from the ball tip Measurement A sextant should be examined only if there are two or more teeth present and not indicated for extraction. CPI Selection of teeth: For adults aged 20 years and over, the teeth to be examined are: 17 16 11 26 27 47 46 31 36 37 CPI 17 16 11 27 47 46 31 36 37 The two molars in each posterior sextant are paired for recording If one is missing No replacement CPI 17 16 11 26 27 43 42 41 31 36 37 no index teeth: All the remaining teeth in that sextant are examined and the highest score is recorded as the score for the sextant CPI For subjects under the age of 20 years, only six teeth are examined. 16 11 26 36 31 46 Codes and criteria used in CPI healthy periodontal tissue, no disease. Entire black band of the Code 0 probe is visible gingival bleeding observed after gentle probing, no calculus, no Code 1 pocket (Entire black band is visible) sub-gingival calculus is present, no pocket (entire black band is Code 2 visible), bleeding may or may not be present 4 – 5 mm pocket depth (black band of probe partially hidden by Code 3 gingival margin) 6 mm or greater pocket depth (black band of the probe is Code 4 completely hidden by the gingival margin) CPI Advantages of CPI ▪ The global standard for epidemiological surveys ▪ Useful in health planning ▪ Permits rapid examination of population to determine treatment needs CPI Limitations of CPI ▪ Needs special instruments ▪ Does not assess the present disease activity ▪ Measure only treatment needs not periodontal status ▪ Only 6 – 10 teeth are seen ▪ The validity of CPI is debated ▪ Difficult to train and calibrate multiple examiners (probing pressure causing bleeding)  THANK YOU ! QUESTIONS