Plant Reproduction PDF

Plant Reproduction How do plants produce?  Objectives 1. Differentiate flowering plants and nonflowering plants 2. Identify the reproductive parts of flowering and nonflowering plants 3. Describe the functions of the reproductive parts.  Table Of Con...

Plant Reproduction How do plants produce?  Objectives 1. Differentiate flowering plants and nonflowering plants 2. Identify the reproductive parts of flowering and nonflowering plants 3. Describe the functions of the reproductive parts.  Table Of Contents Plants Modes of Exercise reproductive Reproduction in Let’s activate your system Plants minds! Plants can be classified as: Flowering plants and nonflowering plants. Flowering plants grow flowers that produce seeds. Non flowering plants are those that do not grow flowers. However, some nonflowering plants can also produce seeds. Others produce spores instead. Flowering plants reproductive parts  Stamen is considered as the male reproductive part of the flower. It consists of a long tube-like filament with the anther as its top.  Pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower. It is the innermost part that contains the sac-like ovary that produces and stores ovules, which serve as the female gametes.  Petals The colorful parts of the flower are called petals. As a group, they are called the corolla of the flower. They protect the inner reproductive organs of the flower, which are the stamen and pistil. Sepals are teh green, leafy structures on the outermost part of a flower. They are the first to appear in the form of a tightly closed bud that surrounds and protects the developing flower. Reproductive parts of nonflowering plants  Cones or strobilus are woody and spiky structures that grow from conifers.  Cones Conifers are woody, nonflowering plants that are mostly shrubs and trees. Cones may be male or female. Male cones produce and store pollen grains, whereas female cones produce and store ovules.  Sporangia Sporophytes are nonflowering plants that produces spores. “spore-bearing plant” Spores are produced and contained in the sporangia, which are receptacles that grow on the underside of the leaves of a sporophyte.  Exercise! 1. produces the pollen grains in a flowering A. Stamen plants B. Pistil the female reproductive C. Sporophytes 2. organ of a flower 3. part of the flowering D. Gametophytes E. Conifers plant that attracts the insects with their colors 4. A woody, nonflowering F. Anther plant G. Sepals “spore-bearing plant” H. Petals 5.  Modes of reproduction in plants Reproduction in flowering plants  Sexual reproduction requires combination of a male gamete and a female gamete to form a seed. This process consists of two phases: pollination and fertilization Pollination Is the process by which pollen grains are transferred from an anther to a stigma. Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. It also occurs between flowers of the same plant.  Cross- pollination occurs when pollen grains are transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower from a different plant. This usually produce more and better quality seeds.  Pollinators an agent that makes transfer of pollen grains possible.  Fertilization The pollen grain then releases a sperm that will go down the tube to combine with the ovule in the process When the ovule is fertilized, it develops into a seed. Meanwhile, the sepals and petals start to fall off and the ovary develops a fleshy outer coating until it becomes a fruit. From flower to fruit flower (after fertilisation) After fertilisation, most Inside The of thethe ovary ovary, flower then the grows parts petals wither ovules bigger wither begin until and tooff it becomes drop develop except ainto for theseeds. fruit.ovary. ovary begins to swell seeds develop inside the fruit, petals drop off fruit grows bigger © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Dispersal of fruits and seeds That’s InWell, right. orderif for the seeds seeds Also,grow some too fruitsclosely are at to grow atogether, scattered while overcrowding the seeds remain might inside Isuitable see! So place, if this they happens, mustthem. Soyoung what occur. The are scattering the be scattered. ways inof the plants may not whichseeds get orand fruits enough fruits is called seeds water, are dispersal. mineralsdispersed? and sunlight to Why growiswell. that so? © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Dispersal of fruits and seeds Wind ○ Fruits and seeds dispersed by wind are angsana often dry and light. ○ Some of them have wing-like structures. ○ They are easily carried by wind. lalang dandelion © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Dispersal of fruits and seeds Animals ○ Some fruits can be eaten by animals. ○ Their seeds are thrown away or passed out in the animals’ droppings if swallowed. kiwi watermelo papaya n © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited  Animals ○ Other fruits and seeds attach themselves to animals’ bodies or our clothes by using hooks or stiff hairs. mimosa lovegrass © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Dispersal of fruits and seeds Splitting open forcefully lady’s finger ○ Some fruits split open when ripe to shoot their seeds away. cotton rain tree © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited  Parts of a seed seed leaf baby plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Germination disperse germinates Photo of tomato seedling, p. 48, seed P5A ripe fruit and seeds grows seedling leaves During A seed this startsstage, to the shoot Next,the First, seedling theroot shoot cannot of appears the makebabyitsand own thegerminate first leaves when it unfold. The plant food, grows but gets out of the it energy fromroot lands on a place with young seed the to foodplant form aisseedling. stored nowin able its seedto enough warmth make its and baby plant own food. leaves. water. young plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Germination disperse germinates Photo of tomato seedling seed ripe fruit and seeds grows When the flower of an pollination and adult plant gets pollinated seedling fertilisation and fertilised, the cycle of occurs reproduction repeats itself. leaves shoot The young plant develops into develops into an adult root plant. adult plant with flowers young plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited  Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Plants 1. Pollen and Egg formation 2. Pollination 3. Fertilization 4. Seed dispersal 5. Germination  Asexual reproduction Unlike sexual reproduction has no need for the combination of male and female gametes. Asexual reproduction may be natural or artificial in nature. Natural Asexual Reproduction the process in which a new plant grows out of a mature plant without human intervention.  Plants that reproduce this way develop adventitious roots, or roots that grow out of the stems or the leaves of a plant. Rhizomes are the thick stems that grow horizontally along a surface or underground. Roots and shoots grow vertically in certain intervals along the rhizome and develop into new plants.  Runners are similar to rhizomes except that they are thin, have wider intervals, and emerge from the ground before horizontally running along a surface.  Bulbs ✓ are round, swollen parts of a stem that grow underground. They have a bud, from which a new plant can grow out, surrounded by layers of flesh.  tubers are swollen stems or roots that the plant uses to store water and nutrients. They usually grow beneath the surface of the soil.  Corms are similar to bulbs because they are also swollen parts of a stem and have a bud. However, they have a whole, solid flesh and their bud is located at the top. Artificial Asexual Reproduction ✓ is the process in which humans grow new plants from the different parts of an existing plant through various methods.  Cutting involves cutting a part of a stem and placing it in moist soil or water. When the stem takes root in the soil, it will grow a new plant of the same species.  Grafting is a method that combines two species of plants. A cut part of a plant (scion) is attached to a cut part of a rooted plant (stock).  Layering can be done in two ways: first method involves bending the stem of a plant and covering it in soil. The second method involves removing the bark, which is the outer covering the exposed stem with moss.  Tissue culture involves chemical treatments to grow a large number of plants from a single plant. Reproduction in nonflowering plants Reproduction in Conifers Conifer reproduction starts with pollination. The wind carries the pollen grains from the male cones on the lower part of the tree toward the female cones on the upper part of the tree. Some pollen grains land on a female cone, find their way toward the ovules, and fertilize them into seeds for about a year. During this time, the female cone expands and becomes woody. Its scales also close up to protect the fertilizing egg cells. Once the egg cells have matured into seeds, the scales of the cone open up and release the seeds. Reproduction in Sporophytes Sporophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually. The phenomenon in which these two process occur in a single plant is called alteration of generations. These generations are classified as the sporophyte and gametophyte phase.  The reproduction process starts with the asexual sporophyte phase. When the air turns dry, pressure builds inside the sporophyte. When the pressure is too much, the plant then releases spores through the sporangia. These spores would then be carried by the wind. For the spores to move on to the next stage, they must land on a warm, moist, and shaded area.  A spore that has germinated in an area with the ideal conditions will then begin its sexual gametophyte phase. The spores splits into two and then combines once again to form a heart-shaped structure called the gametophyte. It then grows roots and secures itself on the ground. Exercise! Thanks! CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik Please keep this slide for attribution