PGP Lecture 1 PDF

Abiogenic Theory The idea proposes that large amounts of carbon exist naturally in the planet, some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous fluids, and migrate upward through deep fracture networks. Thermophile rock bacterial are in part responsible for the org...

Abiogenic Theory The idea proposes that large amounts of carbon exist naturally in the planet, some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous fluids, and migrate upward through deep fracture networks. Thermophile rock bacterial are in part responsible for the organic compound found in petroleum. Thermophile : Requiring high temperatures for normal development. 1  Oil Window  The temperature range in which the oil forms is an oil window. This range is generally between 50 to 200 0C.  Below the minimum temperature the oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking.  The formation of oil is endothermic reactions at high temperature and pressure. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9wiM_mUbXU 2  4- Composition of Petroleum  An oil well produces mainly crude oil with some natural gas dissolved in it.  Because the pressure is lower at surface than underground, some of the gases can come out as associated with oil and can be recovered (or burned).  All crude oils are mainly constituted of hydrocarbons mixed with variable amounts of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen compounds. 3 Differences Between Crude Oil, Petroleum Products And Petroleum Crude oil- Mixture of hydrocarbons existing as liquid in natural underground reservoirs and remain liquid during extraction. Petroleum products- Produced from the processing of crude oil at petroleum refineries and extraction of liquid hydrocarbons at natural gas processing plants. Petroleum- refers to the broad category that includes both crude oil and petroleum products. 4 Metals in the form of inorganic salts or organo-metallic compounds are present in the crude mixture in tiny amounts. The ratio of different constituents in crude oils varies obviously from one reservoir to another. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements varies over narrow limits and as shown in Table 1.1 5 Table 1.1 the composition by weight of crude oil as chemical element Element Range % Carbon 83-87 Hydrogen 10-14 Nitrogen 0.1 – 4 Oxygen 0.1 – 1.5 Sulfur 0.5-6 Metals