Lecture 1: Educational Institution PDF

Lecture 1: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION VISION TABLE OF COMPARISON EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION the end desire aspiration of an VISION MISSION...

Lecture 1: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION VISION TABLE OF COMPARISON EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION the end desire aspiration of an VISION MISSION academic institution STATEMEN STATEME A place where learners of different one-sentence statement describing T NT ages gain an education. It’s inspires the distinct and motivating long-term This institution carries out to give the Define the desired transformation resulting from FUNCTION best and key educational activities based on the institutional program shapes your measures age grade system that provide clear, memorable and concise understandi of the considerable diversity of learning average length of 14 words ng of why institution milieus and learning spaces. you are in success. (shortest: 3 words; longest: 26 the INSTITUTION words) institution MISSION DEVELOPIN When do we What do we covers behavioral pattern of society G want to do today? and even the government and public reach one-sentence relating the intention services. STATEMEN success? of your institution existence T FORMAL INSTITUTION answer the question "What you do or Where do For whom Who you do this for” want to go do we do 1. conventional classroom simple language, concise, no fluff, forward? it? 2. structured method of learning valuable, is inform, focus and guided How do we Why we do 3. governing body average length of 5 to 14 words (20 4. recognition by government want to do what we max) it? do? 5. predetermined books and materials TIME Talks about Talks 6. stipulated period VALUES future about 7. staged to provide full series of skill present list of fundamental doctrines that 8. certificates or credentials leading to guide and direct the educational the future INFORMAL INSTITUTION institution and its belief QUESTION Where do What create the moral direction of the we aim to makes us 1. outside conventional classroom institution and its academic be? different? 2. integrates with surrounding (home community ABOUT Where you How you and cultural setting) want to be? will get guides decision-making and create a 3. teacher traits vary on expertise, skills where you yardstick against any action want to be? and experience Standard structure that is shared 4. behavioral skills and acted upon the academic 5. certificate of participation or community completion  Lecture 2: Health Care System Health action – any effort, whether in HOW ARE THESE DISPARITIES personal health care, public health services REDUCED? Health system or through intersectoral initiatives, whose primary purpose is to improve health - when they a recognized - consist of community, department or ministries of health, health care - WHO 2. Improving the responsiveness of the providers, health service Report health system to the population it serves organizations, pharmaceuticals (2000) companies, health financing bodies respond to the legitimate non-health and other organizations related to Goals and Function of the Health System desires and expectations of the health. according to WHO population - the combination of resources, responsive health systems organization, financing and WHO 3 main goals for the health system maximize peoples’ autonomy and management that culminate in the control, allowing them to make Health system delivery of health services to the choices, placing them at the center population 1. Improving the health of of the health care system populations Function RESPONSIVENESS the overarching goal A. Governance health status should be provides services in the manner that - policy making measured people want or desire and engages people - regulation protected from existing health as active partners risks, emerging health risks, B. Healthcare service provision unknown health risks strive embodies values of respectfulness, for equity in health non-discrimination, humaneness and - clinical service confidentiality - health promotion Equity in Health - financing 3. Fairness in financial contribution - managing resources INEQUITABLE DISPARITIES provide social and financial risk Roemer (1991) 1. Income protection in health and be fairly 2. Ethnicity financed Health system – all the organizations, 3. Gender should not impoverish individuals or institutions and resources that are devoted 4. Geographic location families to producing health actions 5. Occupation 6. Sexual orientation - WHO Report (2000) WHO 4 vital health system Revenue collection found in Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Japan, Switzerland, Function entails collection of money to pay for and, to a degree, in Latin America health care services 1. Health service provision collection mechanisms: general Beveridge model - the best systems also promote taxation, donor financing, mandatory payroll contributions, mandatory or William Beveridge health and try to avert illness through voluntary risk-rated contributions, health care is provided and financed education and preventive measures direct household out-of-pocket by the government through tax the system has to perform a wide expenditures, and other forms of payments range of activities. personal savings. many, but not all, hospitals and 2. Health service inputs / Managing Examples: general taxation, public clinics are owned by the government resources health social security organization, countries using the Beveridge plan mandatory contributions or variations on it include Great - assembling of essential resources Britain, Spain, most of Scandinavia for delivering health services Risk pooling and New Zealand, Hongkong and - outside the immediate control of Cuba health system policy makers include -refers to the collection and human resources, medications, and management of financial resources in a way Strategic purchasing medical equipment that spreads financial risks from an individual to all pool members the way most risk-pooling 3. Stewardship organizations or purchasers use -core function of health insurance collected and pooled financial - overall system oversight sets the mechanisms resources to finance or buy health context and policy framework for the care services for their members overall health system Two main models: the purchaser, within a regulatory - governmental responsibility framework Bismarck model CORE FUNCTION: identify health priorities, Prussian Chancellor Otto von institutional framework, activities Bismarck coordinated with other systems, trends in uses an insurance system – health priorities, resource generation and sickness funds their implications usually financed jointly by employers 4. Health financing and employees through payroll deduction - includes: Allocating, pooling financial plans have to cover everybody risk and collecting revenues doctors and hospitals tend to be private in Bismarck countries  WHO Health System Framework and effective coordination. RA 9502 “Access to 2008 Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act“: promote and ensure access to affordable quality drugs and medicines for all. AO 2010-0036 2010 "Kalusugang Pangkalahatan" : Universal health coverage and access responsibility of health to quality health care service provisions to for all Filipinos. the The Philippine Health System local government units. Leadership and Governance Historical background Department of Health YEAR National Health Act: 1979 Adoption of Primary 1995 aims to provide all mandated to provide national policy Health Care: direction and develop national plans, citizens a mechanism promoted participatory for financial protection technical standards and guidelines management of the with priority given to of health local health care the poor. provides technical assistance, system. Health Sector Reform 1982 Reorganization of capacity building and advisory Agenda: major DOH: integrated services for disease prevention and 1996 organizational public health and control and supplies medicines and restructuring of the hospital services. vaccines DOH to 1988 The Generics Act: improve the way prescriptions are health care is The DOH as mandated has the duty to: written using the delivered, regulated generic name of the and financed. 1. Developing health policies and drug. programs; FOURmula One (F1) 1991 RA 7160 "Local 2005 for Health: adoption of 2. Enhancing partner' s capacity Government Code“: operational framework transfer of through technical assistance; to undertake reforms with speed, precision,  3. Leveraging performance for 4. Sustainable Developmental Goals WPRO priority health programs among 2030: This is a compilation of 17 , 2018 these partners; developmental goals that targets to 4. Developing and enforcing end poverty, fight inequality and 1. Essential health care made regulatory policies and injustice and confront issues universally accessible standards; involving climate change and its 2. An approach to health beyond the 5. Providing specific programs that effects. traditional health care system that affect large segments of the focuses on health equity – producing population; Lecture 3: Philippine Healthcare Delivery social policy 6. Providing specialized and tertiary System 3. Has basic essential elements and level care objectives that help to attain better Alma Ata Declaration health services for all The Philippines is divided into: Health is a fundamental human right HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 1. 78 provinces headed by Attainment of the highest possible governors level of health is a most important - refers to an organized plan of health 2. 138 cities and 1496 world-wide social goal services municipalities headed by mayors Existing gross inequality in the HEALTH CARE DELIVERY 3. 42 025 barangays or villages health status headed by barangay Promotion and protection of the - rendering of health care services to chairpersons health of the people is essential the people Governments have a responsibility Directions of the Philippine Health Sector for the health of their people HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM 1. The Philippine Health Agenda (DOH Primary Health Care Alma Ata - refers to the network of health Administrative Order 2016-0038): Declaration facilities and personnel which carries "all for health towards health for all“ out the task of rendering health care 2. The Philippine Developmental Plan Primary health care is essential to the people 2017-2022: This is the four key health care based on scientifically sound medium-term plans to translate the and socially acceptable methods, PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM vision of aspirations for the Filipinos universally accessible to individuals and - complex set of organizations and the country. families with their full participation at a cost interacting to provide an array of 3. NEDA AmBisyon Natin 2040: This is that the community and country can afford health a collective long-term plan which in a spirit of self-reliance and self- envisions a better life for the determination. Fragmentation Issue Filipinos and the country in the next 25 years. - - RA 7160 “Local Government Code” WHO - Underemployment Scarcity  - Skewed distribution 7. Treatment of communicable and Principles of Primary Healthcare Private sector (50%) non-communicable disease and promotion of mental health 1. Behind these elements lies a series Primary Healthcare System 8. Safe water and sanitation of basic objectives that should be formulated in national policies in Five Key Elements in achieving its goals Other Essential Elements order to launch and sustain primary health-care (PHC) as part of a Ultimate goal: better health for all 9. Expended options of immunizations comprehensive health system and 1. Universal coverage to reduce 10. Reproductive health needs coordination with other sectors. exclusion and social disparities in 11. Provision of essential technologies 2. Improvement in the level of health for health care of the community. health 2. Service delivery organized around 12. Health promotion 3. Favorable population growth people's needs and expectations 13. Prevention and control of non- structure. 3. Public policy that integrates health communicable diseases 4. Reduction in the prevalence of 14. Food safety and provision of preventable, communicable and into all sectors 4. Leadership that enhances selected food supplements other disease. collaborative models of policy Principles of Primary Healthcare 5. Reduction in morbidity and mortality dialogue rates especially among infants and 5. Increased stakeholder participation A health system based on primary children. healthcare will: 6. Extension of essential health Eight Essential Elements services with priority given to the 1. Build on the Alma-Ata principles of undeserved sectors. 1. Education concerning prevailing equity, universal access, community 7. Improvement in basic sanitation. health problems and the methods of participation, and intersectoral 8. Development of the capability of the identifying, preventing and approaches; community aimed at self-reliance. controlling them 2. Take account of broader population 9. Maximizing the contribution of the 2. Locally endemic disease prevention health issues, reflecting and other sectors for the social and and control reinforcing public health functions; economic development of the 3. Expanded program of immunization 3. Create the conditions for effective community. against major infectious diseases provision of services to poor and 10. Equitable distribution of health care 4. Maternal and child health care excluded groups; according to this principle, primary including family planning 4. Organize integrated and seamless care and other services to meet the 5. Essential drugs arrangement care, linking prevention, acute care main health problems in a 6. Nutritional food supplement, an and chronic care across all community must be provided equally adequate supply of safe and basic components of the health system; to all individuals irrespective of their nutrition 5. Continuously evaluate and strive to gender, age, and caste, urban/rural improve performance and social class.  11. Community participation- Determining positions, teamwork B. Functional Authority comprehensive healthcare relies on assignments, and distribution of adequate number and distribution of authority and responsibility managers have formal power over a trained physicians, nurses, allied specific subset of health professions, community Management Principles related to activities health workers and others working Organizing C. Staff Authority as a health team and supported at 1. Accountability the local and referral levels. granted to staff specialists in their 12. Multi-sectional approach-recognition - manager's formal and legitimate areas of expertise that health cannot be improved by right to make decisions, issue not a real authority intervention within just the formal orders, and allocate resources to simply advises, recommends, and health sector; other sectors are achieve organizationally desired counsels in the staff equally important in promoting the outcomes specialists' area of expertise health and self- reliance of communities. 2. Responsibility Process of Management 13. Use of appropriate technology - - employee's duty to perform assigned Controlling medical technology should be task or activities provided that accessible, affordable, monitoring staff activities and feasible and culturally acceptable to 3. Authority performance the community. taking the appropriate actions for - must report and justify task Management of Primary Healthcare corrective action to increase outcomes to those above them in the performance chain of command Process of Management Directing Types of Authority Planning focus in to initiate action in the A. Line authority set a direction and determine what organization through effective needs to be accomplished managers have the formal power to leadership and motivation of, and setting priorities and determining direct and control immediate communication with, subordinates performance targets subordinates Staffing superior issues orders and is Organizing responsible for the result the Assignment of individuals to designing the organization or the subordinate obeys responsible positions identified in a specific division, unit, or service responsible only for executing the management plan designating reporting relationships order according to instructions Determine the competencies and intentional patterns of interaction required for a position through:  -Identify key result areas per major Levels of Healthcare Facilities moderately specialized knowledge activities in the plan and technical resources for -Determine qualifications and A. Primary Level of Healthcare Facilities adequate treatment are offered competencies required to perform rural health units and their sub- the activities and achieve centers C. Tertiary Level of Healthcare Facilities Assign or recruit staff that qualifies chest clinics for the responsibilities malaria eradication units highly technological and The Philippine Healthcare System schistosomiasis control units sophisticated services offered by operated by the DOH; medical centers and large hospitals The Department of Health Mandate puericulture centers operated by specialized national hospitals League of Puericulture Centers diseases which seriously threaten The primary function of the Department of tuberculosis clinics the patients’ health Health is the promotion, protection, hospitals of the Philippine highly technical and specialized preservation or restoration of the health of Tuberculosis Society knowledge, facilities and personnel the people through the provision and delivery of health services and through the private clinics to treat effectively regulation and encouragement of providers clinics operated by the Philippine Factors on the various categories of of health goods and services Medical Association health workers among countries and clinics operated by large industrial communities - E.O. No. firms for their employees 119, Sec. 3 community hospitals and health 1. Available health manpower resources centers operated by the Philippine DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 2. Local health needs and problems Medicare Care Commission VISION other health facilities operated by 3. Political and financial feasibility voluntary religious and civic groups Health as a right. Health for All Filipinos by Levels of Primary Healthcare Workers the year 2000 and Health in the Hands of B. Secondary Level of Healthcare the People by the year 2020. Facilities A. Village or Grassroot Health Workers MISSION smaller, non-departmentalized First contacts of the community and hospitals initial links of health care The mission of the DOH, in partnership with emergency and regional hospitals in Provide simple curative and the people to ensure equity, quality and which services to patients with preventive health care measures access to health care: by making services symptomatic stages of disease promoting healthy environment available by arousing community awareness Participate in activities geared by mobilizing resources by promoting the towards the improvement of the means to better health socio-economic level of the  community like food production managers, policy makers, central component of the health IT program researchers, and patients alike. infrastructure Community health worker, a person's official, digital health volunteers or traditional birth “Health Information Technology record and is shared among multiple attendants (HIT) as the area of IT healthcare providers and agencies. involving the design, development, 1. Health Information Technology for B. Intermediate Level Health Workers creation, use, and Economic and Clinical Health maintenance of information systems (HITECH) Act in 2009 Represent the first source of professional health care for the healthcare introduced the EHR industry. Automated and meaningful use program Attends to health problems beyond the competence of village workers interoperable healthcare information government-certified EHR systems are expected to improve systems Provide support to front-line health medical care, lower costs, increase workers in terms of supervision, efficiency, reduce error and improve 1. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid training, supplies, and services patient satisfaction.” Services Medical practitioners, nurses and 2. Office of the National midwives - Rouse (2016) Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) C. First Line Hospital Personnel Systems such as electronic health 3. Medicare Access and CHIP records, decision support systems (Children's Health Insurance Provide backup health services for and personal health records are Plan) Reauthorization Act cases that require hospitalization promising and are becoming widely (MACRA) Establish close contact with deployed worldwide intermediate level health workers or Personal Health Record (PHR) HIT promises to modernize and village health workers streamline healthcare and to connect person's self-maintained health Physicians with specialty, nurses, different users and stakeholders in record dentist, pharmacists, other health the e-health market professionals HIT often involves electronic Health Information Exchange (HIE) transactions of health information, it Lecture 4: Health Informatics a health data clearinghouse or a is important to maintain privacy and group of healthcare organizations Health informatics to make sense of security during transmission that enter into an interoperability large amounts of data while ensuring pact and agree to share data the processes are valid and secure. 1. Health Software Systems between their various health IT transition from a manual to a more Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems advanced health information system is an overarching issue that sits aka Electronic Medical Record between providers of healthcare, (EMR) Picture Archiving and Communication More data can mean more CHITS Systems (PACS) opportunities to identify trends in diseases and crises. electronic medical record (EMR) store and manage patients' medical primarily designed for use in images DISADVANTAGE: Philippine health centers in disadvantaged areas Vendor Neutral Archives (VNAs) 1. Potential Risks to Personal currently utilized in 111 government Information merge imaging data stored in health facilities separate departments' image banks vulnerable to data breaches, ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES subjected to theft or other violations lack of human of privacy and confidentiality. resource 2. Health Information interest in the 2. Cloud Set-up Seems Cumbersome heightened field Ecosystem efficiency priorities shift transition from a traditional to an among health towards clinical HEALTH INTEROPERABILITY automated system might be difficult workers responsibilities ECOSYSTEM to some members of healthcare at the expense organizations. of health share, exchange, and access all informatics as 3. Health Informatics in the Philippines a discipline forms of health information, including information discrete, narrative and multimedia loosely practiced as early as the technology do 1980s. not seem Health Informatics in the Cloud IBM compatible machines: word more time can apparent to be spent on many decision- 83% of healthcare organizations are processors to store patient providing patient makers in the making use of cloud-based information care healthcare applications sector Community Health Information Tracking large initial ADVANTAGE: System (CHITS) expenditure 1. Integrated and Efficient Patient Care a Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP- based system released under the Cloud technology offers a single general public license (GPL) access point for patient information Stockholm Challenge 2006 2. Better Management of Data one of top three e-government projects in the Philippines by the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Digital Opportunity Center