Biology 101: General Biology PDF

Biology 101: General Biology  Today Course overview and course requirements Characteristics of life Diversity of life – Taxonomic classification – The three domains  Instructor Information Dr. Gilene Young Student hours (Zoom & office): gy...

Biology 101: General Biology  Today Course overview and course requirements Characteristics of life Diversity of life – Taxonomic classification – The three domains  Instructor Information Dr. Gilene Young Student hours (Zoom & office): [email protected] M/W 3:30-5 pm Or Canvas Inbox T 3-4 pm, Th 3-4:30 pm Or by appointment  Course Overview Syllabus Schedule Canvas Textbook Lab manual  Grading Assignment Point Value Intro Questionnaire 4 Review Quizzes (13 of 15, at 4 points each) 52 Lecture Exercises (11 of 13, at 6 points each) 66 Midterm Exams (3 of 4, at 100 points each) 300 Final Exam 100 LECTURE TOTAL 522 points Lecture = 75%, Lab = 25% Must pass lab in order to pass class  Strategies for Success Attendance and participation Take good notes! Read textbook before class Review notes, slides, and reading soon after class Test yourself Ask me for help Tutoring and Academic Support Center  What is biology? “bio” = life “logy” = study of Biology is the scientific study of life So…what is “life”?  What is life? Living thing Not a living thing Meeko Roomba  What are some key characteristics that make something a living thing? Why do we consider Meeko a living thing, but not the Roomba?  What is life? Textbook: “Life is not easy to define…” Properties and processes we associate with life:  What is life? Meeko Roomba Structural organization Response to environment Energy processing Regulation (homeostasis) Growth and development Reproduction Evolutionary adaptation  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 1. Consist of one or more cells – Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular Unicellular Multicellular  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 1. Consist of one or more cells Multicellular – Organisms are built Organism hierarchically from cells Organs Unicellular Tissues Cell (= organism) Cells Molecules Molecules Atoms Atoms atom molecule cell tissue organ organ system organism population community ecosystem Hierarchical organization of biological systems  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 1. Consist of one or more cells – Organization creates complexity – Emergent properties at each level  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 2. Respond to their environment – Stimulus and response – Physiological change in organism  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 3. Capture energy from the environment and use it to do biological work nutrient  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 3. Capture energy from the environment and use it to do biological work Producers Consumers Photosynthesis Herbivores Predators Decomposers Chemosynthesis Parasites  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 4. Maintain constant internal conditions (homeostasis) – Requires energy  How does your body achieve homeostasis?  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 5. Undergo growth and development  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 6. Contain genetic information used to develop and to reproduce themselves – Encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 6. Contain genetic information used to develop and to reproduce themselves  In a multicellular organism, do different cells contain different genetic information?  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 6. Contain genetic information used to develop and to reproduce themselves – DNA is replicated and passed on during cell division – All cells are made from the division of previous cells  Traits Shared by Living Organisms 7. Capacity for evolution – Some organisms reproduce more than others – Over generations, the genetic makeup of the population changes – Adaptation – change that increases chances of survival or reproduction  Evolution and Life Unity of life: All living things are descended from a common ancestor Diversity of life: Differences among living organisms result from evolutionary changes over time  Diversity of Life Taxonomy – naming and classification of organisms  Why is this important? – Hierarchical system – Species – a type of organism – Species name = genus and species (e.g., Homo sapiens)  How might we determine if organisms belong in the same species?  Diversity of Life Taxonomy – naming and classification of organisms wild carrot marijuana apple prickly rose dog rose domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya kingdom Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae phylum Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta class Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida Magnoliopsida order Apiales Rosales Rosales Rosales Rosales family Apiaceae Cannabaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae genus Daucus Cannabis Malus Rosa Rosa species carota sativa domestica acicularis canina  Diversity of Life Organisms can be classified based on cell type Prokaryotes – no nucleus Eukaryotes – nucleus surrounding DNA  Which are more common, and more diverse?  Diversity of Life Three domains of life: Prokaryotes – Bacteria – Archaea – Eukarya Eukaryotes  Diversity of Life Bacteria – Prokaryotic – Unicellular – Extremely numerous – Found in all environments – Genetically diverse  Diversity of Life Archaea – Prokaryotic – Unicellular – More related to eukaryotes than to bacteria – Many live in extreme environments  Diversity of Life Eukarya – Eukaryotic – Unicellular or multicellular – Protists – Plants – Fungi – Animals How many kinds of living things are there? Just outside this building: How many kinds of living things are there? Inside this room? – Thousands of types of bacteria, archaea, protists, and fungi – 1-3% of your body mass is microbes How many kinds of living things are there? Globally? # described total estimate Prokaryotes Millions to ~10,000 (bacteria, archaea) billions Eukaryotes (protists, plants, 1.2 million ~8.7 million fungi, animals) Mora et al. 2011  Eukarya Humans (plants, fungi, and animals) Archaea Animals Length of line represents genetic distance, Bacteria or dissimilarity  Study Questions List and define some key similarities among all living organisms. Why do all living organisms share those key similarities? Explain the hierarchy of biological organization. What are emergent properties? Give an example. How might you define "life"? Why is DNA important to organisms? What is taxonomy, and why do we use it? What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What are the three domains of life, and their basic characteristics? Which of the three domains is the most numerous? Which is the most genetically diverse?